Table 3.
Proportions of unbeneficial health behaviours according to education and ethnicity. Odds ratios and 95 % confidence intervals of health behaviour characteristics according to education, ethnicity and adjusted for parity, age and number of weeks pregnant, using multiple logistic regression with Generalized Estimating Equations (GEE)
| Unbeneficial health behaviours | Proportion of total sample | By educationb | By ethnicitya | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| High (Ref) | Mid-level | Low | Dutch (Ref) | Western ethnic minority | Non-Western ethnic minority | ||||||
| N (%) | N (%) | N (%) | OR (95 % CI) | N (%) | OR (95 % CI) | N (%) | N (%) | OR (95 % CI) | N (%) | OR (95 % CI) | |
| Smoking | 553/6002 (9.2) | 77 (2.6) | 249 (11.5) | 4.3 (3.2–5.9) | 227 (25.1) | 11.3 (7.6–16.8) | 454 (9.0) | 48 (10.5) | 1.3 (0.9–1.7) | 51 (9.9) | 0.7 (0.5–1.0) |
| Passive Smoking | 285/5449 (5.2) | 57 (2.0) | 134 (7.0) | 3.2 (2.3–4.5) | 94 (13.8) | 6.9 (4.4–11.0) | 207 (4.5) | 24 (5.9) | 1.4 (0.8–2.2) | 54 (11.6) | 2.1 (1.5–3.1) |
| No folic acid supplementation | 515/6005 (8.6) | 150 (5.1) | 183 (8.4) | 1.6 (1.2–2.1) | 182 (20.1) | 3.4 (2.7–4.4) | 330 (6.6) | 41 (9.0) | 1.5 (1.1–2.1) | 144 (28.0) | 4.5 (3.5–5.7) |
| Alcohol consumption | 659/5995 (11.0) | 404 (13.8) | 188 (8.7) | 0.7 (0.6–0.8) | 66 (7.4) | 0.6 (0.5–0.9) | 568 (11.3) | 59 (13.0) | 1.0 (0.7–1.6) | 32 (6.2) | 0.6 (0.3–1.0)* |
| Unplanned pregnancy | 1057/6011 (17.6) | 378 (12.9) | 423 (19.5) | 1.5 (1.3–1.7) | 256 (28.3) | 2.2 (1.9–2.5) | 818 (16.2) | 97 (21.3) | 1.5 (1.2–1.9) | 142 (27.6) | 1.5 (1.3-1.9) |
| No antenatal class attendance | 1812/3338 (54.3) | 768 (43.6) | 713 (61.6) | 2.1 (1.8–2.5) | 333 (78.5) | 4.5 (3.5–5.8) | 1518 (52.5) | 132 (55.5) | 1.4 (1.0–1.9)* | 164 (78.5) | 3.3 (2.0–5.4) |
| No daily vegetables | 1116/5995 (18.6) | 461 (15.7) | 467 (21.6) | 1.3 (1.0–1.6)* | 188 (20.8) | 1.2 (1.0–1.5) | 948 (18.9) | 61 (13.4) | 0.7 (0.5–1.0)* | 107 (20.8) | 1.1 (0.9–1.3) |
| No daily fruit consumption | 879/5996 (14.7) | 350 (12.0) | 342 (15.8) | 1.2 (1.0–1.5)* | 187 (20.7) | 1.7 (1.3–2.1) | 743 (14.8) | 60 (13.2) | 0.9 (0.7–1.2) | 76 (14.8) | 0.9 (0.7–1.0) |
| No daily hot meal | 189/5995 (3.2) | 74 (2.5) | 83 (3.8) | 1.6 (1.2–2.2) | 32 (3.5) | 1.5 (1.1–2.1) | 151 (3.0) | 20 (4.4) | 1.5 (0.8–2.7) | 18 (3.5) | 1.1 (0.7–1.7) |
| No daily breakfast | 666/5993 (11.1) | 209 (7.1) | 283 (13.1) | 1.7 (1.4–2.0) | 174 (19.2) | 2.5 (2.1–3.1) | 525 (10.4) | 47 (10.3) | 1.0 (0.7–1.5) | 94 (18.3) | 1.5 (0.9–2.3) |
Ref: reference category
Odds ratios in bold are significant
*rounding error: p = <0.05
aadjusted for ethnicity, parity, age and number of weeks pregnant
badjusted for education, parity, age and number of weeks pregnant