TABLE 2.
Characteristics of women in 27 states and New York City delivering live-born infants — Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System (PRAMS) and California Maternal and Infant Health Assessment (MIHA), 2007–2008
| Characteristic | Total | WIC participant§ | Eligible nonparticipant§ | Ineligible for WIC§ | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||
| No.* | %† | (95% CI)† | No.* | %† | (95% CI)† | No.* | %† | (95% CI)† | No.* | %† | (95% CI)† | |
| Total | 76,049 | 100 | (100–100) | 35,953 | 46.3 | (45.8–46.9) | 13,680 | 16.5 | (16.1–16.9) | 26,416 | 37.2 | (36.7–37.7) |
| Race/Ethnicity | ||||||||||||
| All non-Hispanic | 61,244 | 75.6 | (75.2–76.0) | 25,566 | 60.8 | (60.0–61.5) | 11,208 | 79.1 | (77.9–80.2) | 24,470 | 92.6 | (92.1–93.1) |
| White | 38,464 | 54.2 | (53.7–54.7) | 12,812 | 35.4 | (34.6–36.1) | 6,962 | 56.9 | (55.5–58.2) | 18,690 | 76.4 | (75.6–77.1) |
| Black | 11,596 | 12.7 | (12.3–13.0) | 7,844 | 18.8 | (18.2–19.5) | 2,136 | 13.8 | (12.8–14.8) | 1,616 | 4.6 | (4.2–4.9) |
| Asian/Pacific Islander | 6,420 | 6.4 | (6.1–6.6) | 1,982 | 3.7 | (3.4–4.0) | 1,211 | 5.8 | (5.2–6.4) | 3,227 | 9.9 | (9.4–10.5) |
| American Indian/Alaska Native | 3,041 | 1.0 | (0.9–1.0) | 2,070 | 1.4 | (1.3–1.6) | 562 | 1.0 | (0.8–1.2) | 409 | 0.4 | (0.3–0.5) |
| Other/Mixed | 1,723 | 1.7 | (1.5–1.9) | 858 | 1.8 | (1.5–2.0) | 337 | 2.0 | (1.5–2.4) | 528 | 1.5 | (1.2–1.7) |
| Hispanic | 13,819 | 24.4 | (24.0–24.8) | 9,958 | 39.2 | (38.5–40.0) | 2,314 | 20.9 | (19.8–22.1) | 1,547 | 7.4 | (6.9–7.9) |
| White | 10,425 | 20.3 | (19.9–20.7) | 7,537 | 32.7 | (32.0–33.4) | 1,677 | 16.9 | (15.8–18.0) | 1,211 | 6.4 | (5.9–6.8) |
| Black | 329 | 0.5 | (0.4–0.6) | 246 | 0.9 | (0.7–1.0) | 43 | 0.4 | (0.2–0.5) | 40 | 0.2 | (0.1–0.2) |
| Other | 3,065 | 3.6 | (3.4–3.8) | 2,175 | 5.8 | (5.4–6.2) | 594 | 3.7 | (3.2–4.3) | 296 | 0.9 | (0.7–1.0) |
| Survey language | ||||||||||||
| English | 68,387 | 85.9 | (85.5–86.3) | 29,802 | 75.1 | (74.4–75.8) | 12,436 | 88.0 | (87.1–88.9) | 24,149 | 98.4 | (98.2–98.6) |
| Spanish | 7,659 | 14.1 | (13.7–14.5) | 6,151 | 24.9 | (24.2–25.6) | 1,241 | 12.0 | (11.1–12.9) | 267 | 1.6 | (1.4–1.8) |
| Education (yrs) | ||||||||||||
| 0–11 | 14,541 | 20.4 | (20.0–20.8) | 11,458 | 35.3 | (34.6–36.0) | 2,664 | 20.8 | (19.6–22.0) | 419 | 1.7 | (1.5–2.0) |
| 12 | 21,628 | 28.0 | (27.5–28.5) | 13,732 | 38.3 | (37.5–39.1) | 4,626 | 34.8 | (33.5–36.2) | 3,270 | 12.2 | (11.6–12.8) |
| ≥13 | 38,718 | 51.7 | (51.1–52.2) | 10,133 | 26.4 | (25.7–27.1) | 6,164 | 44.3 | (42.9–45.7) | 22,421 | 86.1 | (85.5–86.7) |
| Age group (yrs) | ||||||||||||
| <18 | 2,537 | 3.1 | (2.8–3.3) | 2,077 | 5.5 | (5.1–5.9) | 415 | 2.7 | (2.3–3.2) | 45 | 0.1 | (0.1–0.1) |
| 18–24 | 23,697 | 29.8 | (29.2–30.3) | 16,655 | 45.5 | (44.6–46.3) | 4,900 | 35.6 | (34.3–37.0) | 2,142 | 7.6 | (7.1–8.1) |
| 25–39 | 47,510 | 64.4 | (63.9–65.0) | 16,578 | 47.5 | (46.6–48.3) | 7,965 | 58.9 | (57.5–60.3) | 22,967 | 87.9 | (87.3–88.5) |
| ≥40 | 2,302 | 2.8 | (2.6–2.9) | 642 | 1.5 | (1.3–1.7) | 398 | 2.7 | (2.3–3.1) | 1,262 | 4.3 | (4.0–4.7) |
| Total live births | ||||||||||||
| 1st live birth | 31,888 | 41.2 | (40.6–41.7) | 14,852 | 40.2 | (39.4–41.1) | 5,132 | 37.2 | (35.8–38.6) | 11,904 | 44.1 | (43.2–45.0) |
| 2nd–3rd birth | 35,209 | 48.3 | (47.7–48.8) | 15,912 | 46.3 | (45.4–47.1) | 6,346 | 47.7 | (46.3–49.1) | 12,951 | 50.9 | (50.0–51.8) |
| 4th birth or greater | 8,615 | 10.6 | (10.2–10.9) | 5,025 | 13.5 | (12.9–14.1) | 2,121 | 15.1 | (14.1–16.1) | 1,469 | 5.0 | (4.6–5.3) |
| Not married at delivery | 29,988 | 38.7 | (38.1–39.2) | 22,225 | 62.3 | (61.5–63.1) | 5,911 | 43.8 | (42.4–45.2) | 1,852 | 7.1 | (6.6–7.6) |
| Income as % of FPL ¶ | ||||||||||||
| 0–100% FPL | 26,473 | 32.2 | (31.6–32.7) | 20,852 | 55.5 | (54.7–56.4) | 5,621 | 39.1 | (37.7–40.5) | 0 | 0.0 | — |
| 101%–185% FPL | 14,584 | 18.6 | (18.1–19.0) | 8,313 | 23.6 | (22.9–24.4) | 6,271 | 46.2 | (44.8–47.6) | 0 | 0.0 | — |
| ≥185% FPL | 29,780 | 41.8 | (41.3–42.4) | 2,563 | 7.6 | (7.2–8.1) | 801 | 6.7 | (6.0–7.4) | 26,416 | 100.0 | — |
| Missing | 5,212 | 7.4 | (7.1–7.8) | 4,225 | 13.2 | (12.6–13.8) | 987 | 8.0 | (7.1–8.9) | 0 | 0.0 | — |
| Preconception health coverage | ||||||||||||
| Medicaid | 12,957 | 17.7 | (17.3–18.1) | 10,423 | 31.0 | (30.2–31.8) | 2,302 | 17.4 | (16.4–18.5) | 232 | 1.4 | (1.1–1.6) |
| Private/Other | 40,098 | 53.0 | (52.5–53.6) | 8,930 | 23.2 | (22.5–23.9) | 6,051 | 42.5 | (41.1–43.9) | 25,117 | 94.6 | (94.2–95.0) |
| Uninsured | 22,630 | 29.3 | (28.7–29.8) | 16,340 | 45.8 | (44.9–46.6) | 5,267 | 40.1 | (38.7–41.5) | 1,023 | 4.0 | (3.6–4.4) |
| Prenatal health-care coverage | ||||||||||||
| Medicaid/Medi-Cal | 32,244 | 43.3 | (42.7–43.8) | 25,804 | 75.9 | (75.1–76.6) | 6,440 | 51.6 | (50.2–53.1) | 0 | 0.0 | |
| Private/Other | 36,545 | 53.0 | (52.5–53.6) | 6,357 | 20.1 | (19.5–20.8) | 5,161 | 40.8 | (39.4–42.2) | 25,027 | 98.2 | (98.0–98.4) |
| Uninsured | 2,906 | 3.7 | (3.5–4.0) | 1,429 | 4.0 | (3.6–4.4) | 907 | 7.6 | (6.7–8.4) | 570 | 1.8 | (1.6–2.0) |
| Prenatal care initiation | ||||||||||||
| No prenatal care | 1,016 | 1.8 | (1.7–2.0) | 524 | 2.3 | (2.0–2.6) | 358 | 2.7 | (2.2–3.1) | 134 | 0.9 | (0.7–1.0) |
| 1st trimester | 58,684 | 82.3 | (81.9–82.8) | 25,519 | 76.0 | (75.3–76.7) | 9,639 | 75.2 | (73.9–76.4) | 23,526 | 93.1 | (92.6–93.6) |
| 2nd trimester | 10,658 | 13.6 | (13.3–14.0) | 6,764 | 18.7 | (18.0–19.4) | 2,346 | 18.4 | (17.3–19.5) | 1,548 | 5.4 | (5.0–5.8) |
| 3rd trimester | 1,812 | 2.2 | (2.1–2.4) | 1,111 | 3.0 | (2.7–3.3) | 524 | 3.8 | (3.3–4.3) | 177 | 0.6 | (0.5–0.8) |
| Unintended pregnancy | 31,752 | 42.4 | (41.9–43.0) | 19,300 | 55.8 | (55.0–56.7) | 6,738 | 51.1 | (49.6–52.5) | 5,714 | 22.1 | (21.3 –22.9) |
| Prepregnancy BMI ** | ||||||||||||
| Underweight (<18.5) | 3,568 | 4.1 | (3.8–4.3) | 1,872 | 4.4 | (4.0–4.7) | 792 | 5.1 | (4.5–5.7) | 904 | 3.2 | (2.9 –3.6) |
| Normal (18.5–24.9) | 36,141 | 48.1 | (47.6–48.7) | 14,695 | 40.6 | (39.7–41.4) | 6,507 | 47.4 | (45.9–48.8) | 14,939 | 57.9 | (57.0–58.8) |
| Overweight (25.0–29.9) | 17,094 | 23.2 | (22.7–23.7) | 8,027 | 23.5 | (22.8–24.2) | 3,075 | 23.0 | (21.8–24.2) | 5,992 | 23.0 | (22.2–23.7) |
| Obese (≥30) | 14,662 | 18.0 | (17.6–18.5) | 8,009 | 21.0 | (20.3–21.7) | 2,499 | 17.8 | (16.8–18.9) | 4,154 | 14.4 | (13.7–15.0) |
| Missing | 4,584 | 6.6 | (6.3–6.8) | 3,350 | 10.6 | (10.0–11.1) | 807 | 6.7 | (5.9–7.4) | 427 | 1.5 | (1.3–1.7) |
| Preconception smoker | 17,207 | 21.2 | (20.7–21.7) | 10,612 | 27.5 | (26.7–28.3) | 3,614 | 25.1 | (23.9–26.4) | 2,981 | 11.8 | (11.2–12.4) |
| Prior LBW or preterm birth †† | ||||||||||||
| No previous live birth | 31,888 | 42.7 | (42.1–43.3) | 14,852 | 41.7 | (40.8–42.6) | 5,132 | 38.7 | (37.3–40.1) | 11,904 | 45.7 | (44.8–46.6) |
| No LBW or preterm birth | 31,534 | 48.1 | (47.5–48.6) | 14,409 | 47.3 | (46.4–48.1) | 6,035 | 50.7 | (49.3–52.1) | 11,090 | 47.9 | (47.0–48.8) |
| LBW and/or preterm birth | 8,651 | 9.2 | (8.9–9.5) | 4,844 | 11.1 | (10.5–11.6) | 1,814 | 10.6 | (9.7–11.4) | 1,993 | 6.4 | (5.9–6.8) |
| Markers of risk §§ | ||||||||||||
| One or more | 61,344 | 79.1 | (78.7–79.5) | 34,970 | 97.1 | (96.8–97.4) | 12,420 | 90.7 | (90.0–91.5) | 13,954 | 51.5 | (50.6–52.4) |
| Two or more | 48,016 | 61.2 | (60.7–61.7) | 32,470 | 90.3 | (89.8–90.8) | 10,277 | 75.1 | (73.9–76.3) | 5,269 | 18.9 | (18.2–19.6) |
| Three or more | 36,917 | 46.7 | (46.1–47.2) | 27,653 | 76.2 | (75.5–76.9) | 7,779 | 56.9 | (55.5–58.3) | 1,485 | 5.4 | (5.0–5.8) |
| Four or more | 25,404 | 31.2 | (30.7–31.8) | 20,044 | 54.0 | (53.2–54.9) | 5,073 | 36.0 | (34.6–37.4) | 287 | 0.8 | (0.6–1.0) |
Abbreviations: CI = confidence interval; WIC = Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children; BMI = body mass index; LBW = low birth weight; FPL = federal poverty level.
Unweighted number of women who participated in the PRAMS and MIHA surveys.
Percentages and 95% CIs weighted to adjust for sample design and nonresponse.
WIC participants reported that they were on WIC during pregnancy in the survey; eligible nonparticipants did not report that they were on WIC during pregnancy, but reported household incomes ≤185% of the FPL in the survey or the birth certificate indicated Medicaid paid for prenatal care or delivery; nonparticipants in WIC or Medicaid with incomes >185% FPL were considered ineligible for WIC.
Incomes ≤185% FPL are WIC-eligible.
BMI calculated as (weight [kg]/height [m]2) where values 0–18.49 = underweight, 18.5–24.9 = healthy weight, 25–29.9 = overweight, and ≥30 = obese.
Low birth weight = less than 5 pounds, 8 ounces (<2,500 g); preterm birth is before 37 weeks gestation.
Markers of risk include either age <18 years or <12 years of education (composite variable); 4th live birth or greater; not married; poor; Medicaid or uninsured before pregnancy; unintended pregnancy; underweight or obese before pregnancy; prenatal smoking; and any history of prior poor birth outcome.