TABLE 2—
Sample Characteristics and Prevalence of Spousal Violence Among 15- to 49-Year-Old, Currently Married (or Cohabitating) Women From 5 Former Soviet Union Countries: 2005–2012
| Eastern Europe |
Caucasus |
Central Asia |
|||
| Variables | Moldova (DHS-V, 2005) | Ukraine (DHS-V, 2007) | Azerbaijan (DHS-V, 2006) | Kyrgyzstan (DHS-VI, 2012) | Tajikistan (DHS-VI, 2012) |
| Sociodemographic characteristics, % (95% confidence interval) | |||||
| Age, y, mean | 35.03 (34.69, 35.38) | 35.68 (35.21, 36.15) | 34.62 (34.18, 35.06) | 33.05 (32.63, 33.47) | 32.39 (31.99, 32.79) |
| Household size, mean (95% CI) | 3.98 (3.93, 4.04) | 3.84 (3.75, 3.93) | 5.01 (4.91, 5.12) | 5.44 (5.33, 5.54) | 7.73 (7.52, 7.93) |
| No. of children, mean (95% CI) | 1.81 (1.75, 1.86) | 1.49 (1.44, 1.54) | 2.14 (2.08, 2.19) | 2.52 (2.45, 2.59) | 2.81 (2.72, 2.91) |
| Area of residence, % (95% CI) | |||||
| Urban | 38.89 (37.06, 40.74) | 67.75 (65.48, 69.95) | 55.33 (52.01, 58.60) | 32.28 (29.61, 35.07) | 24.03 (22.56, 25.57) |
| Rural | 61.11 (59.26, 62.94) | 32.25 (30.05, 34.52) | 44.67 (41.4, 47.99) | 67.72 (64.93, 70.39) | 75.97 (74.43, 77.44) |
| Religion, % (95% CI) | |||||
| Christian (Orthodox, Catholic, Protestant) | 97.91 (95.97, 99.97) | 88.00 (83.64, 92.69) | 0.40 (0.19, 0.84) | NA | NA |
| Muslim | . . . | 0.88 (0.49, 1.57) | 99.47 (99.02, 99.72) | ||
| Other (Judaism, other religion, no religion) | 2.09 (0.03, 4.03) | 11.12 (8.97,13.88) | 0.12 (0.03, 0.57) | ||
| Language of the interview, % (95% CI) | |||||
| Country’s local language | 76.05 (72.21, 79.57) | 56.31 (53.47, 59.11) | 99.85 (99.63, 99.94) | 63.65 (60.6, 66.59) | 92.78 (90.72, 94.42) |
| Russian | 23.95 (20.5, 27.79) | 43.66 (40.85, 46.73) | 0.14 (0.05, 0.36) | 35.67 (32.72, 38.72) | 3.19 (2.54, 4.00) |
| Other language (e.g., Uzbek) | . . . | . . . | 0.01 (0.01, 0.11) | 0.68 (0.37, 1.25) | 4.03 (2.67, 6.02) |
| Relationship characteristics | |||||
| Relationship status, % (95% CI) | |||||
| Legally married | 93.06 (92.02, 93.97) | 92.48 (90.67, 93.97) | 99.73 (99.47, 99.87) | 99.52 (99.12, 99.74) | 99.51 (99.03, 99.76) |
| Living together | 6.94 (6.03, 7.98) | 7.52 (6.03, 9.33) | 0.27 (0.13, 0.53) | 0.48 (0.26, 0.88) | 0.49 (0.24, 0.97) |
| Age at first marriage, mean (95% CI) | 20.00 (19.88, 20.12) | 20.34 (20.15, 20.52) | 21.05 (20.09, 21.22) | 20.20 (20.06, 20.34) | 19.87 (19.73, 20.01) |
| Age difference between partners, mean (95% CI) | 2.97 (2.84, 3.11) | 2.81 (2.63, 2.99) | 4.43 (4.21, 4.64) | 3.83 (3.66, 3.99) | 3.82 (3.63, 4.01) |
| Years married/cohabitating, mean (95% CI) | 14.53 (14.18, 14.87) | 14.94 (14.46, 15.42) | 13.12 (12.73, 13.52) | 12.41 (11.99, 12.82) | 12.02 (11.61, 12.43) |
| > 1 marriage/union, % (95% CI) | 10.47 (9.37, 11.69) | 13.19 (11.28, 15.38) | 1.23 (0.81, 1.88) | 5.06 (4.32, 5.91) | 3.93 (3.30, 4.67) |
| Socioeconomic status | |||||
| Woman’s education, y, mean (95% CI) | 11.47 (11.35, 11.58) | 13.86 (13.68, 14.03) | 10.81 (10.68, 10.94) | 12.04 (11.89, 12.18) | 9.82 (9.65, 10.00) |
| Partner’s education, y, mean (95% CI) | 11.33 (11.23, 11.44) | 13.55 (13.37, 13.72) | 11.30 (11.16, 11.44) | 11.74 (11.6, 11.88) | 11.38 (11.20, 11.57) |
| Household wealth status, % (95% CI) | |||||
| Middle or high | 82.28 (79.83, 84.49) | 86.86 (84.7, 88.75) | 81.69 (79.41, 83.77) | 80.49 (77.39, 83.39) | 80.98 (78.06, 83.59) |
| Poor (lowest wealth quintile) | 17.72 (15.51, 20.17) | 13.14 (11.25, 15.30) | 18.31 (16.23, 20.59) | 19.51 (16.75, 22.61) | 19.02 (16.41, 21.94) |
| Personal environment risk factors | |||||
| History of family violence, % (95% CI) | |||||
| No, father did not abuse mother | 67.10 (65.14, 69.00) | 85.29 (83.20, 87.15) | 84.57 (83.02, 86.00) | 86.33 (84.55, 87.93) | 87.02 (84.98, 88.81) |
| Yes, father abused mother | 32.90 (31.00, 34.86) | 14.71 (12.90, 16.78) | 15.43 (14.00, 16.98) | 13.67 (12.07, 15.45) | 12.98 (11.19, 15.02) |
| Partner’s alcohol use, % (95% CI) | |||||
| Does not drink or never gets drunk | 33.59 (31.58, 35.66) | 44.91 (41.79, 48.07) | 44.87 (42.6, 47.16) | 64.64 (62.27, 66.94) | 81.72 (79.56, 83.69) |
| Gets drunk sometimes | 58.22 (56.02, 60.39) | 50.99 (47.92, 54.06) | 49.90 (47.6, 52.21) | 31.68 (29.49, 33.95) | 16.39 (14.63, 18.31) |
| Gets drunk often | 8.19 (7.16, 9.35) | 4.10 (3.20, 5.25) | 5.23 (4.19, 6.50) | 3.68 (2.99, 4.53) | 1.90 (1.33, 2.70) |
| Women’s empowerment | |||||
| Decision-making autonomy | |||||
| No, % (95% CI) | 6.88 (5.86, 7.76) | 9.72 (7.96, 11.78) | 55.26 (52.45, 57.84) | 20.94 (18.63, 23.45) | 57.28 (54.43, 60.08) |
| Yes (participates in all 3 household decisions), % (95% CI) | 93.32 (92.24, 94.14) | 90.38 (88.22, 92.04) | 44.84 (42.16, 47.55) | 79.06 (76.55, 81.37) | 42.72 (39.92, 45.57) |
| Score on a 0–3 scale, mean (95% CI) | 2.91 (2.89, 2.92) | 2.93 (2.82, 2.29) | 1.97 (1.86, 1.98) | 2.59 (2.54, 2.65) | 1.65 (1.58, 1.73) |
| Gender norms: accepts attitudes justifying wife-beating | |||||
| No, % (95% CI) | 73.54 (71.59, 75.39) | 91.78 (90.08, 93.21) | 42.50 (39.58, 45.47) | 54.14 (51.27, 56.98) | 28.14 (25.67, 30.76) |
| Yes (in ≥ 1 circumstance), % (95% CI) | 26.46 (24.61, 28.41) | 8.22 (6.79, 9.92) | 57.50 (54.53, 60.42) | 45.86 (43.02, 48.73) | 71.86 (69.24, 74.33) |
| Score on a 0–5 scale, mean (95% CI) | 0.59 (0.53, 0.65) | 0.15 (0.12, 0.18) | 1.69 (1.59, 1.80) | 1.17 (1.08, 1.26) | 2.48 (2.35, 2.61) |
| Gender norms: believes woman cannot refuse sex to husband | |||||
| No, % (95% CI) | 72.98 (71.11, 74.78) | 82.82 (80.39, 84.99) | 71.13 (68.42, 73.70) | 90.21 (88.59, 91.61) | 70.02 (67.0, 72.33) |
| Yes (in ≥ 1 circumstance), % (95% CI) | 27.02 (25.22, 28.89) | 17.18 (15.01, 19.61) | 28.87 (26.3, 31.58) | 9.79 (8.39, 11.41) | 29.98 (27.67, 32.40) |
| Score on a 0–3 scale, mean (95% CI) | 0.41 (0.38, 0.45) | 0.23 (0.20, 0.26) | 0.52 (0.47, 0.57) | NAa | NAa |
| Financial autonomy: woman's earnings relative to husband’s earnings, % (95% CI) | |||||
| Earns about the same | 11.98 (10.87, 13.18) | 17.60 (15.58, 19.82) | 3.54 (2.77, 4.52) | 11.65 (10.41, 13.01) | 2.74 (2.05, 3.66) |
| Woman earns more/husband doesn’t earn | 13.00 (11.79, 14.32) | 7.55 (6.24, 9.09) | 3.88 (3.07, 4.90) | 3.02 (2.44, 3.73) | 2.46 (1.91, 3.16) |
| Woman earns less | 31.52 (29.58, 33.53) | 52.59 (49.9, 55.27) | 11.10 (9.66, 12.71) | 14.23 (12.81, 15.78) | 19.05 (17.12, 21.13) |
| Woman does not earn (unemployed or unpaid) | 43.49 (41.25, 45.77) | 22.26 (19.93, 24.78) | 81.48 (79.38, 83.41) | 71.11 (68.93, 73.19) | 75.75 (73.4, 77.96) |
| Financial autonomy: woman's perceived control over husband’s earnings, % (95% CI) | |||||
| Woman and husband jointly | 72.23 (70.37, 74.01) | 78.96 (76.44, 81.28) | 60.39 (58.25, 62.48) | 70.87 (68.71, 72.95) | 47.26 (44.59, 49.94) |
| Woman alone/husband has no earnings | 22.31 (20.60, 24.11) | 12.30 (10.48, 14.38) | 12.54 (11.09, 14.14) | 7.90 (6.77, 9.19) | 9.46 (8.15, 10.96) |
| Woman has no control (husband alone or someone else) | 5.46 (4.70, 6.34) | 8.74 (7.28, 10.47) | 27.07 (25.36, 28.86) | 21.23 (19.16, 23.46) | 43.28 (40.81, 45.78) |
| Community-level variables (continuous) | |||||
| Community poverty,b Median (Min–Max) | 0.00 (0.00–89.47) | 0.00 (0.00–100.00) | 9.38 (0.00–100.00) | 11.54 (0.00–85.71) | 0.00 (0.00–100.00) |
| Community acceptance of wife-beating,c Median (Min–Max) | 13.33 (0.00–83.33) | 5.56 (0.00–57.14) | 59.38 (0.00–100.00) | 47.83 (0.00–97.06) | 71.88 (0.00–100.00) |
| Community female financial dependency,d Median (Min–Max) | 47.06 (6.67–100.00) | 29.41 (0.00–90.00) | 83.33 (31.57–100.00) | 75.76 (25.00–100.00) | 78.05 (26.32–100.00) |
| No. of observations (unweighted sample) | 4053 | 1932 | 3932 | 4361 | 4093 |
| Population size (weighted sample) | 3804 | 1830 | 3452 | 3833 | 3812 |
| No. of primary sampling units (PSUs) | 400 | 498 | 318 | 316 | 356 |
| No. of strata | 2 | 53 | 17 | 18 | 9 |
Note. DHS = Demographic and Health Survey; NA = not applicable; PSU = primary sampling unit. Ellipses indicate that category was not available.
a
The scale in Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan included only 1 item.
b
% of women in PSU in the lowest wealth quintile.
c
% of women in PSU who justify wife-beating in ≥ 1 circumstance.
d
% of women in PSU who have no earnings: unemployed or unpaid.