Table 5.
RCTs investigating the efficacy of neuroprotection, or neuroprotective agents, in reducing cognitive decline after cardiac surgery.
| Study | Number of patients | Type of neuroprotective drug | Time of assessment | Outcome |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Grieco et al., 1996 [75] | 29 | GM-100 (ganglioside) or placebo | 1 week and 6 months | Improved cognition |
| Arrowsmith et al., 1998 [76] | 171 | Remacemide or placebo | 2 months | Improved cognition |
| Svensson et al., 2002 [77] | 403 | Mannitol, thiopental, MgSO4, lidocaine | 2-3 weeks | Improved cognition |
| Wang et al., 2002 [29] | 118 | Lidocaine or placebo | 9 days | Improved cognition |
| Uebelhack et al., 2003 [78] | 64 | Piracetam or placebo | 3 days | Improved cognition |
| Szalma et al., 2006 [79] | 98 | Piracetam or placebo | 6 weeks | Improved cognition |
| Haljan et al., 2009 [80] | 32 | Erythropoietin or placebo | Discharge and 2 months | Improved cognition |
| Hudetz et al., 2009 [42] | 52 | Ketamine or placebo | 1 week | Improved cognition |
| Zhang et al., 2011 [81] | 200 | Benzyl alcohols or saline (placebo) | Discharge and 3 months | Improved cognition |
| Kong et al., 2002 [82] | 245 | Chlormethiazole/administration or placebo | 4–7 weeks | No difference |
| Taggart et al., 2003 [83] | 150 | Imidazoles: low dose (10 mg) or high dose (100 mg) or placebo | 5 days and 3 months | No difference |
| Mathew et al., 2004 [84] | 914 | Pexelizumab bolus, bolus plus infusion, or placebo | 4 days and 1 month | No difference |
| Mathew et al., 2005 [73] | 440 | Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase inhibitors | 6 weeks | No difference |
| Hogue et al., 2007 [85] | 174 | 17-beta estradiol or placebo | 4–6 weeks | No difference |
| Mathew et al., 2009 [31] | 241 | Lidocaine or placebo | 6 weeks and 1 year | No difference |
| Mitchell et al., 2009 [32] | 158 | Lidocaine or placebo | 10 weeks and 25 weeks | No difference |
| Holinski et al., 2011 [86] | 88 | Piracetam or placebo | 3 days | No difference |