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G-quadruplexes in transcription and translation. (A) pG4 sequences are present in about 50% of human genes promoters. G-quadruplex formation could impair initiation of transcription by the RNA polymerase, or if present in the antisense strand inhibit transcription. (B) The presence of G-quadruplexes formed in the 5′ UTR of mRNAs can regulate translation as well as lead to aborted RNA transcripts in hexanucleotide repeat expansion diseases.
