FIG. 8.

The phase portrait of the G and D subsystem with a scatter plot of the gross national income (GNI) per capita and democracy values for all countries in 2006 in the available dataset. The arrows show the direction of yearly change in the (G,D) vector and the color shows the magnitude of change assuming Et=0.473 the fixed point for Et. In (a) we show countries whose education indicator values I are below the global average of 0.621 and in (b) we show countries with I above 0.621. The phase portrait shows the estimated velocities in any year. The black lines show the characteristic curves for D given by (17) with points above the curve corresponding to negative change in D values and points below corresponding to positive changes, and these are computed by taking the average values of I for the countries in (a) and (b), respectively.