Table 1.

Characteristics of primary studies reviewed (n =15)

Author	Study population	Location	Age (years)	Random sample	Response rate	Questionnaire administration	Sample size	Smoking rate	Validity score
Youths
Zhang [31]	Secondary school students	Henan, China	10–19	Yes	97 %a	Self	1,720	ES, 5.4 %	9
Huang [34]	Elementary school students	Taiwan	Mean=11	Yes	94 %a	Self	1,137	ES, 9.2 %	7
Ma [29]	9th grade students	7 cities in China	Mean=15	Yes	Not stated	Self	1,768	Not stated	7
Wen [30]	High school students	Taiwan	15–18	Not stated	Not stated	Self	22,821	CS, 5.1 %	6
Adults
Chuang [32]	General	Taiwan	20+	Yes	67 %a	Interviewer	Not stated	ES, 5 %	10
Shin [26]	Rural-to-urban migrants	10 provincial capital cities in China	18–30	No	99 %	Interviewer	1,697 RHW, 532 SW	ES: 18.4 % (RHW), 58.3 % (SW) CS: 3.2 % (RHW), 41.9 % (SW)	9
Wan [27]	Same as Shin [26]	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	8
Yang [38]	Aborigines	Taiwan	17–50	Yes	89 %	Interviewer	300	CS, 11.6 %	8
Chen [28]	Rural-to-urban migrants	Beijing, China	18–30	Not stated	Not stated	Self	866	CS, 10.9 %	7
Finch [18]	Rural-to-urban migrants	Beijing, China	18–30	No	Not stated	Interviewer	165 RHW, 72SW	ES: 16.1 % (RHW), 54.9 % (SW) CS: 6.5 % (RHW), 33.3 % (SW)	7
Ho [20]	High school and college students	6 provincial capital cities in China	14–24	No	95 %	Self	11,095	ES: 20.1 % (urban), 22.0 % (rural) CS: 4.2 % (urban), 1.9 % (rural)	7
Lau [35]	General	Hong Kong	18+	Yes	75 % (smokers), 77 % (non-smokers)	Telephone	2,024	ES, 3.4 % CS, 2.7 %	7
Tsai [37]	General	Taiwan	18+	Yes	48 %a	Interviewer	90	CS, 4.8 %	6
Lin [36]	Employees of microelectronics companies	Taiwan	16–57	No	73 %	Self	1,950	ES, 11.6 % CS, 9.3 %	6
Cai [33]	General	31 provinces in China	15+	Yes	Not stated	Interviewer	74,236	CS: 2.8 (urban), 2.6 (rural)	6

ES ever smoker, CS current smoker, RHW restaurant hotel workers, SW sex workers

^aResponse rate of female/male combined samples, no female-specific response rate was reported