Table 1. Key terminology used in the study.

Term	Definition
Forest	Vegetation taller than 5 m with 20% tree cover canopy threshold using Global Forest Change (GFC) data by Hansen et al. [5].
Forest loss	”Stand replacement disturbance or complete removal of forest canopy” as defined by Hansen et al. [5] in GFC data. Forest gain was not taken into account.
Protected area (PA)	Protected area as in World Database on Protected Areas (WDPA) [30].
Protected forest	Forest within PA (i.e. protected area).
Intact forest landscape (IFL)	”An unbroken expanse of natural ecosystems within areas of current forest extent, without signs of significant human activity, and having and area of at least 500 km 2” as in IFL dataset by Potapov et al. [20].
Intact forest	Forest within IFL (i.e. Intact forest landscape).
Protected intact forest	Intact forest within PA (i.e. protected area).