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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2016 Aug 18.
Published in final edited form as: Environ Sci Technol. 2015 Aug 5;49(16):10038–10047. doi: 10.1021/acs.est.5b01005

Scheme 1.

Scheme 1

Synthetic routes of designed haptens. Haptens 1 and 2 were obtained by linker attachment to the amine group. Haptens 3 and 4 were obtained by hydrolysis of the nitrile group. A, B, and C refer to structural determinants exposed for antibody production.