Table 2.

Risk factors for HIV infection among men who have sex with men (MSM) in Tshwane, South Africa (RDS-adjusted).

	HIV negative Mean/%	HIV positive Mean/%	Unadjusted OR (95% CI)	Adjusted OR (95% CI)a
Sociodemographic
Age (years)	23.7	26.3	1.09 (1.05, 1.13) ***	1.15 (1.10, 1.22) ***
Education (post secondary)	57.4%	40.3%	0.50 (0.34, 0.75) ***	0.58 (0.35, 0.96) *
Regular income	31.8%	42.8%	1.61 (1.08, 2.41) *
Housing quality	4.04	3.60	0.73 (0.62, 0.87) ***
Money problems	2.62	2.88	1.28 (1.05, 1.56) *
Behavioral
Sexually abused as child	9.2%	13.8%	1.54 (0.84, 2.81)
Only receptive anal sex (ever)	28.7%	51.7%	2.63 (1.76, 3.94) ***
Only insertive anal sex (ever)	37.1%	12.6%	0.24 (0.14, 0.42) ***
Number of male partners, lifetimeb	0.83	1.26	7.03 (4.32, 11.42) ***	2.09 (1.12, 3.87) *
Ever sex with a woman	45.3%	20.8%	0.23 (0.14, 0.35) ***	0.43 (0.23, 0.83) *
Ever group sex	16.7%	22.8%	1.48 (0.91, 2.40)	0.43 (0.20, 0.93) *
Ever forced sex by man	5.7%	29.7%	7.00 (3.91, 12.54) ***	3.11 (1.43, 6.79) **
Ever transactional sex	16.4%	38.9%	3.27 (2.10, 5.09) ***	2.17 (1.15, 4.10) *
Psychosocial
Sexual attraction only to men	59.2%	81.9%	3.09 (1.92, 4.97) ***
Identification as gay/transgender 62.2%		86.9%	4.06 (2.39, 6.92) ***
Femininity	2.69	3.49	2.21 (1.78, 2.74) ***	1.50 (1.11, 2.04) **
Sexual identity confusion	2.12	1.85	0.45 (0.31, 0.64) ***
Internalized homophobia	2.23	1.88	0.25 (0.16, 0.37) ***	0.40 (0.22, 0.71) **
Secrecy about orientation	2.38	1.66	0.40 (0.31, 0.51) ***
Hazardous drinking	40.0%	54.5%	1.98 (1.21, 2.67) **	1.81 (1.06, 3.07) *
Drug problems	11.3%	11.0%	0.98 (0.53, 1.83)

OR = odds ratio; 95% CI = 95% confidence interval.

^*p ≤ .05;

^**p ≤ .01;

^***p ≤ .001.

^aVariables in the multivariate model are the variables that remained after backward stepwise procedures.

^bLog-transformed.