Table 1.
Summary of the main scleroglucan applications, according to its refined grade and its physico-chemical, biological, and biotechnological properties.
| Scleroglucan source | Highlighted scleroglucan properties | Proposed applications | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| Actigum CS-11∗ (formerly known as Polytran®from Ceca S.A., France) | • Water solubility • Viscosifying activity • Salts tolerance |
Scleroglucan aqueous fluid, used for petroleum recovery | Doster et al., 1984a,b |
|
Sclerotium rolfsii ATCC 15206 Actigum CS-11∗ and Actigum CS6∗∗, by Sanofi Bio Industries, France |
• Thickening power • High carrying capacity and lubricating power |
Scleroglucan gels for enhanced oil recovery (EOR) | Holzwarth, 1984; Donche et al., 1994; Pirri et al., 1996 |
| Actigum CS-11∗ and CS-6∗∗, by Sanofi Bio Industries, France | • Viscosifying ability • Rheological stability vs. temperature, salinity, and pH |
Viscosity control of a bituminous binder for road repair and construction, soil stabilization, and sealing in civil engineering | Chaverot et al., 2001 |
| Polytran®, by Pillsbury Company, USA | • Stimulation of murine macrophage activity • Increase in murine macrophage tumor cytotoxicity • Enhancement of murine bone marrow proliferation • Increase in survival of carcinoma-challenged mice • Increase in mice resistance against pathogenic bacteria and virus, w/o toxicity or hepatomegaly |
Immune stimulating | Pretus et al., 1991 |
| Not specified | • Apt matrix for controlled drug delivery • Drug protection at gastric level • Bioadhesive properties • Biodegradability |
Edible films and tablets for nutraceuticals and pharmaceuticals Capsule granulates for controlled release of active substances |
Lovrecich and Riccioni, 1991, 1993 |
| Actigum CS11∗, by Mero Rousselot - Satia, France | • Biocompatibility • Thermal and chemical stability |
Grassi et al., 1996; Coviello et al., 1999 | |
| Not specified | • Antitumour, antiviral, and antibacterial activity (native or derivatized) | Drugs, vaccines, and immuno-potentiators (combinable with chemotherapy) | Jong and Donovick, 1989; Giavasis, 2014 |
| Scleroglucan, by Sanofi Bio Industries, France | • Hypocholesterolemic, hypolipidemic, and hypoglycemic | Nutraceuticals | Mastromarino et al., 1997 |
| Scleroglucan purified from fermentation broth, provided by Statoil/Norferm | • Stabilizer-texturizer at low pH and high temperature • Edible-film forming properties |
Functional foods Low-calorie foods (since non-digestible) |
Falch et al., 2000 |
| Actigum CS6∗∗ and CS11∗, by Sanofi Bio Industries, France | Vaussard et al., 1997 | ||
| Actigum CS-11∗, by Sanofi Bio Industries, France Amigel, by Alban Muller International |
• Homogeneity and thickening enhancer • Softness developer |
Component for washing keratinous materials (e.g., shampoo, shower gel, conditioner) | Dubief, 1996; Dubief and Cauwet, 2000 |
| Actigum CS-11∗, by Satia, France | • Remains elastic at saliva viscosity (1.5–3 mPa.s), at a physiological pH (5–9), and at physiological ionic strength (15–80 mM) | Saliva substitution agent Artificial tear water Mouth rinse Toothpaste |
Van Nieuw Amerongen et al., 1999 |
| Actigum CS-11∗ and CS-6∗∗, by Sanofi Bio Industries, France | • Viscosifying agent of polyol base solvents • Long term stability at high temperatures and against metal ion contaminants |
Rheological modifier for thermal insulation fluids | Skaggs and Swazey, 1999 |
| S. rolfsii ATCC 15205 | • Forms flexible, insoluble in water films when dried, but swell readily • Dispersing agent • Smoothing agent • Lubricating agent • Emulsifier or co-emulsifier agent • Improvement of fixing of dyes or UV-absorbers in shampoo/conditioners • Skin anti-inflammatory effect |
Useful as active and/or excipient ingredient in cosmetic formulations (shampoo, conditioner, after-sun preparations, skin care compositions) and ophthalmological preparations | Maier et al., 2000, 2002 |
| Not specified | • Compatible thickening agent | Component of a cosmetic mixture for the oxidation tinting of keratin fibers | Lang and Cotteret, 2003 |
| BIOVIS, by SKW, Germany | • Suspending agent | Formulation of an aqueous storable cement used for cementing an area of a borehole | Fanguy et al., 2006 |
| S. rolfsii ATCC 201126 | • Retrogradation preserving agent in cooked starch pastes • Synergic rheological improvement of starch-based pastes (in water and milk) |
Food stabilizer | Viñarta et al., 2006 |
| • Gel and film forming properties • Particulate suspending properties • Emulsifying activity |
Drug delivery Paper, painting, ceramic, cosmetic, food and pharmaceutical industries Bioremediation, agriculture, and detergents |
Viñarta et al., 2007 | |
| Not specified | • Gelling and viscosifying properties • Resistance to degradation, even at high temperatures and after 500 days in seawater |
Industrial and oil field operations where acidizing procedures are applied | Welton et al., 2009a,b |
| Not specified | • High flocculant capacity • Fast settling rate |
Addition to liquor of a Bayer process fluid stream to improve the recovery of alumina trihydrate | Chester et al., 2012a,b, 2013 |
∗Biopolymer CS-11 is a refined product and has a content of 85–90% polysaccharide.
∗∗Biopolymer CS-6 contains 60–75% scleroglucan.