Table 1.

The relationship between bacterial types and colorectal cancer

Bacteria	Subject of study	Evidence	Ref.
Helicobacter hepaticus	Animal	Augments azoxymethane induced, and spontaneous colorectal cancer in mice	[64-69]
H. hepaticus + H.bilis	Animal	Dual infection induces colorectal cancer in mice	[70,71]
H. typhlonius + H. rodentium	Animal	Dual infection in neonates induces colorectal cancer in mice	[72,73]
Streptococcus bovis	Human	S.bovis bacteremia and endocarditis associated with human colorectal cancer	[74-77]
	Animal	Augments azoxymethane induced colorectal cancer in rats	[78]
	Human	Increased humoral immune response to S.bovis antigenRpL7/L12, sassociated with increased risk for colorectal cancer	[79]
Bacteroides fragilis	Animal	Enterotoxigenic B.fragilis augments spontaneous colorectal cancer in mice	[26]
	Human	Increased prevalence of enterotoxigenic B.fragilis in human colorectal cancer	[80]
	Human	Increased prevalence in tumor vs normal colonic tissue by quantative PCR analysis	[81]
	Human	Increased prevalence in tumor vs normal colonic tissue by quantative PCR analysis	[43]
B. vulgatus	Animal	Induces azoxymethane induced, colorectal cancer in mice	[82]
Escherichia coli	Human	Increased mucosa-associated Escherichia coli in human colorectal cancer	[83]
Citrobacter rodentium and C. freundii	Animal	Etiologic agent of transmissible murine colonic hyperplasia	[84]
	Animal	Augments spontaneous and 1,2 dimethylhydrazine induced colorectal cancer in mice	[85,86]
Fusobacterium nucleatum	Human	Increased prevalence in tumor vs normal colonic tissue by quantative PCR analysis	[87]
	Human	Increased prevalence in tumor vs normal colonic tissue by quantative PCR analysis and 16S ribosomal RNA Gene V3 pyrosequencing analysis	[88]
	Human	Increased prevalence in tumor vs normal colonic tissue by quantative PCR analysis	[89]
	Animal	16S ribosomal RNA Gene V3 pyrosequencing analysis	[90]
Enterococcus faecalis	Human	Increased in the feces of colorectal cancer patients by quantative PCR analysis	[91]
Furmicutes	Animal	16S ribosomal RNA Gene V3 pyrosequencing analysis	[90]
Akkermansia muciniphila	Human	16S ribosomal RNA Gene V4 pyrosequencing analysis and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry	[92]
Methanobrevibacterium	Human	Increased prevalence in tumor vs normal colonic tissue by quantative PCR analysis and 16S ribosomal RNA Gene V3 pyrosequencing analysis in fecal samples	[89]

PCR: Polymerase chain reaction; RNA: Ribonucleic acid; H. Hepaticıus: Helicobacter hepaticus; H. bilis: Helicobacter bilis; H. typhlonius: Helicobacter typhlonius; H. Rodentium: Helicobacter rodentium; B. vulgatus: Bacteroides vulgatus; C. freundii: Citrobacter freundii.