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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2016 Oct 1.
Published in final edited form as: Trends Plant Sci. 2015 Oct;20(10):622–640. doi: 10.1016/j.tplants.2015.07.004

Figure 2.

Figure 2

Engineering chloroplast genome to confer biotic/abiotic stress tolerance or expression of high value products. (A) Antimicrobial peptide retrocyclin-101 fused with GFP expressed in chloroplasts display strong green florescence in contrast to untransformed leaf showing chlorophyll red fluorescence [49]. (B-C)) The transplastomic leaf expressingPinellia ternata agglutinin shows high level tolerance when challenged with bacterial (Erwinia) or viral (TMV) pathogens [47] (D) Gel diffusion assay shows the zone of clearance of chloroplast-derived endo-β-mannanase in crude plant extacts similar to purified recombinant commercial enzyme [51]. (E) Tobacco chloroplast genome and integration of the expression cassette. (F) Enhanced accumulation of astaxanthin, carotenoids in transplastomic lettuce [108]. (G) Transplastomic plants expressing the lectin gene shows broad spectrum resistance to Lepidopteran, homopteran (sap-sucking) insects as well as anti-bacterial (Erwinia) and anti-viral (TMV) activities [47]. (H, K) Chloroplast expression of β-glucosidase results in elevated phytohormone levels associated with significant increase in biomass and trichome density [46]. (I) Cotton bollworm larvae with normal pupation or dead larvae when fed with transplastomic tobacco leaves expressing dsRNAs [43]. (J) Overexpession of gamma-tocopherol methyl transferase chloroplasts conferrsabiotic stress tolerance and nutritional enhancement [55].