Table 3.
Biophamarceuticals Vaccine antigens |
Expression system | Expression level | Functional evaluation | Refs |
---|---|---|---|---|
CTB-AMA1 (Malarial vaccine antigens apical membrane antigen-1 ) | Lettuce | 7.3% TSP | Dual immunity against two major infectious diseases -cholera and malaria for long-term | [78] |
Tobacco | 13.2 % TSP | |||
CTB-MSP1(Malarial vaccine antigens merozoite surface protein-1) | Lettuce | 6.1% TSP | Dual immunity against two major infectious diseases-cholera and malaria for long-term | [78] |
Tobacco | 10.1 TSP | |||
EDA (Extra domain A-fibronectin) | Tobacco | 2.0 % TSP | Retains the proinfammatory properties of the EDA produced in E. coli | [100] |
2 L21-TD | Tobacco | 6% TSP | Immunogenic response in mice. | [101] |
The immunogenic fusion protein F1-V from Y. pestis | Lettuce | 0.08% TSP | Immunogenic response in mice. | [79] |
Coagulation factor IX | Tobacco | 3.8 % TSP | Prevents inhibitor formation and fatal anaphylaxis in hemophilia B mice | [75] |
BACE ( human β-site APP cleaving enzyme) | Tobacco | 2.0% TSP | Immunogenic response against the BACE antigen in mice. | [102] |
Human papillomavirus L1 protein | Tobacco | 21.5 % TSP | Confirmed the formation of capsomeres | [103] |
Proinsulin | Tobacco | 47% TSP | Oral delivery of proinsulin in plant cells or injectable delivery into mice showed reduced blood glucose levels | [70] |
PA(dIV) (Domain IV of Bacillus anthracis protective antigen) | Tobacco | 5.3% TSP | Demonstrates protective immunity in mice against anthrax | [104] |
Human thioredoxin 1 protein | Lettuce | 1% TSP | Protected mouse insulinoma line 6 cells from hydrogen peroxide | [105] |
Thioredoxins–human serum albumin fusions | Tobacco | 26% TSP | The in vitro chaperone activity of Trx m and f was demonstrated | [106] |
HPV-16 L1 antigen fused with LTB | Tobacco | 2% TSP | Proper folding and display of conformational epitopes | [107] |
Exendin-4 (EX4) fused to CTB | Tobacco | 14.3 % TSP | CTBEX4 showed increased insulin secretion similar to the commercial EX4 in beta-TC6. | [66] |
CTB-ESAT-6 (6kDa early secretory antigenic target) | Tobacco | up to 7.5%; | Hemolysis assay and GM1-binding assay confirmed functionality and structure of the ESAT-6 antigen | [80] |
Lettuce | 0.75% | |||
CTB-Mtb72F (a fusion polyprotein from two Tuberculosis antigens, Mtb32 and 39) | Tobacco | up to 1.2 % | Not reported | |
CTB fused with MBP (myelin basic protein) | Amyloid loads were reduced in vivo in brain regions of 3xTgAD mice fed with bioencapsulated CTB-MBP. Also reduced A beta(42) accumulation in retinae and prevented loss of retinal ganglion cells were observed in 3xTgAD mice treated with CTB-MBP. | [65] | ||
Coagulation factor VIII (FVIII) antigens: heavy chain (HC) and C2 fused with CTB | Tobacco | 80 or 370 μg/g in fresh leaves | Feeding of HC/C2 mixture substantially suppressed T helper cell responses and inhibitor formation against FVIII in hemophilia A mice. | [77] |