Figure 1.

Bile acid–induced GLP-1 secretion. Small intestinal (A) or colonic (B) cultures were incubated for 2 hours in saline solution containing 10 mmol/L glucose (control [Con]) and the following stimuli at the concentrations indicated (μmol/L): F/I, forskolin (10 μmol/L) plus IBMX (10 μmol/L), TCA, TDCA, TLCA, GPBAR-A (GP-A) (3 μmol/L), and GW4064 (GW) (5 μmol/L). GLP-1 release is expressed as a percentage of content. The results are the means ± SEM of n = 12 to 23 wells (A) and n = 12 wells, all bile acids at 100 μmol/L (B), with 3 to 4 wells originating from a single mouse performed in parallel. Statistical differences were determined using a one-way ANOVA and a post hoc Bonferroni test on log₁₀-transformed data. Statistical differences from basal (*) or TDCA at 100 μmol/L (†) are displayed: **/††, P < .01; ***/†††, P < .001.