Table 2.
Proportion (%) of incident cancer cases diagnosed in 2010 in Australia attributable to lifestyle and environmental factors
| % of cancer (0–85+ years) attributable to exposure, by cancer site |
|||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cancer site | Oral cavity and pharynx (C00-C06; C09-C14)a | All Oesophagus (C15)a | Stomach (C16)a | Colorectum (C18-C20)a | Anus (C21)a | Liver (C22)a | Gall Bladder (C23)a | Pancreas (C25)a | Larynx (C32)a | Lung (C34)a | Melanoma (C43)a | Kaposi's Sarcoma (C46)a | Breast (C50)a | Vulva (C51)a | Vagina (C52)a | Uterine Cervix (C53)a | Endometrium (C54, C55)a | Ovary (C56)a | Penis (C60)a | Kidney & ureter (C64-C66)a | Bladder (C67)a | Hodgkin's lymphoma (C81)a | Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (C82-C85, C96)a | Leukaemia (C91-C95)a | All cancersb |
| Males | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Tobacco smoke | 71.0 | 71.4 | 23.6 | 5.9 | - | 24.3 | - | 23.7 | 76.9 | 84.5 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 26.3 | 33.8 | - | - | 7.0 | 15.8 |
| Alcohol | 24.7 | 9.9 | - | 12.9 | - | 15.4 | - | - | 22.1 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 3.0 |
| UV radiation | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 69.7 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 7.1 |
| Infections | 16.9 | - | 32.8 | - | 74.5 | 34.4 | - | - | - | - | - | 100.0 | - | - | - | - | - | - | 45.8 | - | - | 34.0 | 3.9 | - | 2.4 |
| Overweight and obesity | - | 18.0 | - | 11.7 | - | - | 15.8 | 9.1 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 17.6 | - | - | - | - | 2.5 |
| Insufficient physical activity | - | - | - | 4.2 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.5 |
| Diet – insufficient fibre | - | - | - | 18.6 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 2.3 |
| Diet – insufficient vegetables | 6.0 | 2.6 | 1.5 | - | - | - | - | - | 5.9 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.3 |
| Diet – insufficient fruit | 6.0 | 12.0 | 6.5 | - | - | - | - | - | 5.9 | 6.9 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 1.5 |
| Diet – red and processed meat | - | - | - | 21.7 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 2.7 |
| PAF combinedc | 83.9 | 74.2 | 52.7 | 55.8 | 74.5 | 58.0 | 15.8 | 30.6 | 84.1 | 86.0 | 69.7 | 100.0 | - | - | - | - | - | - | 45.8 | 39.3 | 33.8 | 34.0 | 3.9 | 7.0 | 32.9 |
| Females | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Tobacco smoke | 51.2 | 61.6 | 10.7 | 7.0 | - | 10.8 | - | 23.0 | 72.6 | 77.0 | - | - | - | - | - | 6.8 | - | 2.0 | - | 10.7 | 25.6 | - | - | 2.0 | 10.1 |
| Alcohol | 9.2 | 6.2 | - | 4.2 | - | 4.5 | - | - | 7.1 | - | - | - | 5.9 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 2.4 |
| UV radiation | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 54.2 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 5.0 |
| Infections | 14.4 | - | 38.4 | - | 90.5 | 34.4 | - | - | - | - | - | 100.0 | - | 40.5 | 70.1 | 100.0 | - | - | - | - | - | 31.5 | 3.2 | - | 3.7 |
| Overweight and obesity | - | 7.7 | - | 5.5 | - | - | 13.3 | 6.1 | - | - | - | - | 6.8 | - | - | - | 26.4 | 3.6 | - | 14.4 | - | - | - | - | 4.5 |
| Insufficient physical activity | - | - | - | 5.4 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 6.8 | - | - | - | 6.0 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 2.9 |
| Diet – insufficient fibre | - | - | - | 16.2 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 2.1 |
| Diet – insufficient vegetables | 7.1 | 6.0 | 1.8 | - | - | - | - | - | 7.1 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.2 |
| Diet – insufficient fruit | 5.8 | 23.5 | 6.4 | - | - | - | - | - | 6.0 | 9.6 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 1.2 |
| Diet – red and processed meat | - | - | - | 12.5 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 1.6 |
| Hormones – MHT | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 3.2 | - | - | - | 3.0 | 1.5 | - | - | - | - | - | - | 1.1 |
| Hormones – combined OCPs | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.7 | - | - | 6.4 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.3 |
| Insufficient breast feeding | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 1.7 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.5 |
| PAF combinedc | 66.8 | 76.1 | 49.4 | 41.6 | 90.5 | 44.1 | 13.3 | 27.8 | 77.8 | 79.3 | 54.2 | 100.0 | 22.8 | 40.5 | 70.1 | 100.0 | 32.9 | 6.9 | - | 23.6 | 25.6 | 31.5 | 3.2 | 2.0 | 30.7 |
| Persons | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Tobacco smoke | 65.3 | 60.0 | 19.2 | 6.4 | - | 20.7 | - | 23.4 | 76.4 | 81.6 | - | - | - | - | - | 6.8 | - | 2.0 | - | 20.4 | 31.8 | - | - | 4.9 | 13.4 |
| Alcohol | 20.3 | 8.8 | - | 9.0 | - | 12.5 | - | - | 20.1 | - | - | - | 5.9 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 2.8 |
| UV radiation | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 63.3 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 6.2 |
| Infections | 16.2 | - | 34.7 | - | 84.0 | 34.4 | - | - | - | - | - | 100.0 | - | 40.5 | 70.1 | 100.0 | - | - | 45.8 | - | - | 32.9 | 3.6 | - | 2.9 |
| Overweight and obesity | - | 15.0 | - | 9.0 | - | - | 14.1 | 7.7 | - | - | - | - | 6.8 | - | - | - | 26.4 | 3.6 | - | 16.4 | - | - | - | - | 3.4 |
| Insufficient physical activity | - | - | - | 4.8 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 6.8 | - | - | - | 6.0 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 1.6 |
| Diet – insufficient fibre | - | - | - | 17.6 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 2.2 |
| Diet – insufficient vegetables | 6.3 | 3.6 | 1.6 | - | - | - | - | - | 6.1 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.3 |
| Diet – insufficient fruit | 6.0 | 15.4 | 6.5 | - | - | - | - | - | 5.9 | 9.6 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 1.3 |
| Diet – red and processed meat | - | - | - | 17.6 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 2.2 |
| Hormones – MHT | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 3.2 | - | - | - | 3.0 | 1.5 | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.5 |
| Hormones – combined OCPs | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.7 | - | - | 6.4 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.1 |
| Insufficient breast feeding | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 1.7 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.2 |
| PAF combinedc | 79.6 | 74.7 | 51.4 | 49.8 | 84.0 | 54.4 | 14.1 | 29.3 | 83.3 | 83.3 | 63.3 | 100.0 | 22.8 | 40.5 | 70.1 | 100.0 | 32.9 | 6.9 | 45.8 | 33.4 | 31.8 | 32.9 | 3.6 | 4.9 | 31.9 |
Abbreviations: PAF = Population attributable fraction; MHT = menopausal hormone therapy; OCPs = oral contraceptive pills
a: International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10) code
b: Excluding cases of basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma of the skin;
Note: The proportions (%) presented here are for the entire Australian population (0–85+ years) to ensure comparability across all exposures. The PAFs in the table therefore may differ from the PAFs presented in the exposure-specific papers in this series.