Table 5.
Comparison of PAF estimates for Australia and the United Kingdom
| Exposure | Aust PAF males (%) | Aust PAF females (%) | Aust PAF persons (%) | UK PAF males (%) | UK PAF females (%) | UK PAF persons (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tobacco | 15.8 | 10.1 | 13.4 | 23.0 | 15.6 | 19.4 |
| Alcohol | 3.0 | 2.4 | 2.8 | 4.6 | 3.3 | 4.0 |
| Solar (UV) radiation | 7.1 | 5.0 | 6.2 | 3.5 | 3.6 | 3.5 |
| Infectious agents | 2.4 | 3.7 | 2.9 | 2.5 | 3.7 | 3.1 |
| Overweight and obesity | 2.5 | 4.5 | 3.4 | 4.1 | 6.9 | 5.5 |
| Insufficient physical activity | 0.5 | 2.9 | 1.6 | 0.4 | 1.7 | 1.0 |
| Diet – insufficient fibre | 2.3 | 2.1 | 2.2 | 1.4 | 1.7 | 1.5 |
| Diet – insufficient fruit | 1.5 | 1.2 | 1.3 | 6.1a | 3.4a | 4.7a |
| Diet – insufficient non-starchy vegetables | 0.3 | 0.2 | 0.3 | |||
| Diet – red and processed meat | 2.7 | 1.6 | 2.2 | 3.5 | 1.9 | 2.7 |
| Diet – salt | n/a | n/a | n/a | 0.9 | 0.2 | 0.5 |
| Hormones – MHT | – | 1.1 | 0.3 | – | 1.1b | 0.5b |
| Hormones – combined OCP | – | 0.3 | 0.1 | – | – | – |
| Breast feeding | – | 0.5 | 0.2 | – | 1.7 | 0.9 |
| Ionising radiation | n/a | n/a | n/a | 1.7 | 2.0 | 1.8 |
| Occupation | n/a | n/a | n/a | 4.9 | 2.4 | 3.7 |
| PAF Combinedc | 32.8 | 30.6 | 31.8 | 45.3 | 40.1 | 42.7 |
Abbreviations: PAF – population attributable fraction expressed as a percentage; Aust – Australia; UK – United Kingdom; UV – ultraviolet; MHT – menopausal hormone therapy; OCP – oral contraceptive pills; n/a – not applicable
a: UK analysis provided PAF estimate for fruit and vegetables combined
b: UK analysis provided PAF estimate for post-menopausal hormones only
c: PAF Combined = 1- (1-PAF1)*(1-PAF2)*(1-PAFn)