On day –30, allograft recipient animals received i.v. 1012 vg/rat AAV–IL-34 or noncoding AAV or were untreated, with or without weekly i.p. administration of clodronate liposomes from day –25 to day 3, and were grafted on day 0 in combination with a suboptimal dose of rapamycin (10 days, starting on day 0). Graft survival was evaluated by palpation through the abdominal wall. Log-rank test, **P < 0.01.