Skip to main content
. 2015 Oct 15;10(10):e0140670. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0140670

Table 1. Classification of flying-fox demographic, morphometric and reproductive variables.

Variable Description
Species Black flying-fox (P. alecto)
Grey-headed flying-fox (P. poliocephalus)
  Little red flying-fox (P. scapulatus)
Sex Male
  Female
Age 1 Juvenile
Sub-adult
  Adult
Body condition score 2 1: Poor condition
2: Less than Fair condition
3: Fair condition
4: Greater than Fair condition
  5: Good condition
Weight Body weight (g)
Forearm Forearm length (mm)
Reproductive status 3 Pregnant
Dependent pup
  Lactating

1 Adult males distinguished from sub-adult males on the basis of fully developed penis and testes. Adult females distinguished from sub-adult females on the basis of worn, elongated nipples, indicating that they had suckled at least once in their lifetime. Females that were palpably pregnant but with no evidence of worn, elongated nipples were classified as adults. Juveniles (< 12 months old) were classified on their smaller size and rudimentary development of sexual characteristics.

2 Assessed primarily through palpation of the pectoral muscle mass and associated prominence of the sternal carinum; quantified on a 5-point scale.

3 Pregnancy was assessed through gentle trans-abdominal palpation of a gravid uterus (early–mid-pregnancy) or foetal structures (late pregnancy). Dependent pup is in reference to an adult female flying-fox with a totally dependent pup attached, and indicating the early post-partum period. Lactation (in the absence of a dependent pup) was confirmed through gentle expression of milk from enlarged nipples, and indicated the later post-partum period associated with a semi-independent juvenile.