Table 2.

Typical Effective Doses (ED) for cardiac procedures^*

Modality	Protocol	Typical ED (mSv)
Fluoroscopy	Diagnostic coronary angiography	2-20
Fluoroscopy	Percutaneous coronary intervention	5-57
Fluoroscopy	TAVR, transapical approach	12-23
Fluoroscopy	TAVR, femoral approach	33-100
Fluoroscopy	Diagnostic electrophysiology study	0.1-3.2
Fluoroscopy	Radiofrequency arrhythmia ablation	1-25
Coronary CT angiography	Helical without tube current modulation	8-30
Coronary CT angiography	Helical with tube current modulation	6-20
Coronary CT angiography	Prospectively triggered axial	0.5-7
Coronary CT angiography	High pitch helical	<0.5-3
Pre-TAVR CT angiography	Coronary (multiphase) and chest/abdomen/pelvis	5-50
Coronary CT angiography	Calcium score	1-5
SPECT	Dual isotope: 3.5 mCi 201TI rest/30 mCi sestamibi stress	23
SPECT	Dual isotope: 3.5 mCi 201TI rest/30 mCi tetrofosmin stress	22
SPECT	30mCi 99mTc sestamibi rest/30mCi 99mTc sestamibi stress	18
SPECT	15mCi 99mTc sestamibi rest/45mCi 99mTc sestamibi stress	17
SPECT	15mCi 99mTc tetrofosmin rest/45mCi 99mTc tetrofosmin stress	14
SPECT	30mCi 99mTc tetrofosmin rest/30mCi 99mTc tetrofosmin stress	14
SPECT	10mCi 99mTc sestamibi rest/30mCi 99mTc sestamibi stress	11
SPECT	10mCi 99mTc tetrofosmin rest/30mCi 99mTc tetrofosmin stress	9
SPECT	30mCi 99mTc sestamibi stress only	8
PET	10 mCi 18F FDG	7
PET	50mCi 82Rb rest/50 mCi 82Rb stress	4
SPECT	10mCi 99mTc sestamibi stress only	2.7
SPECT	10mCi 99mTc tetrofosmin stress only	2.3
PET	15mCi 13N ammonia rest/15 mCi 13N ammonia stress	2

^*Adapted with permission from Einstein et al. Patient-centered imaging: shared decision making for cardiac imaging procedures with exposure to ionizing radiation. J Am Coll Cardiol. 63 (15) 2014.⁴⁴