Table 2.
Unadjusted incidence rate ratios for baseline COPD, other comorbidities and risk factors associated with CAP, TB and PCP requiring hospitalization in Poisson regression models
| Incidence rate ratios (95% confidence intervals)
|
|||
|---|---|---|---|
| CAP | TB | PCP | |
| COPD | 2.79 (2.37 – 3.27)** | 3.09 (2.07 – 4.61)** | 1.68 (1.25 – 2.25)* |
| Age | 1.01 (1.01 – 1.02)** | 1.00 (0.99 – 1.02) | 0.99 (0.98 – 1.00)* |
| Male | 1.17 (0.83 – 1.65) | 0.95 (0.42 – 2.13) | 2.56 (1.22 – 5.40)* |
| Race/ethnicity | |||
| White | Referent | Referent | Referent |
| Black | 1.39 (1.25 – 1.55)** | 2.86 (2.07 – 3.95)** | 1.57 (1.33 – 1.85)** |
| Hispanic | 1.29 (1.06 – 1.56)* | 2.06 (1.20 – 3.55)* | 1.82 (1.39 – 2.37)** |
| Other | 0.43 (0.30 – 0.62)** | -- | 0.52 (0.31 – 0.88)* |
| HIV-related variables | |||
| CD4+ cell count, cells//μL | |||
| <50 | 3.59 (2.92 – 4.40)** | 2.90 (1.77 – 4.74)** | 13.2 (8.69 – 20.1)** |
| 50–99 | 2.76 (2.16 – 3.52)** | 2.44 (1.36 – 4.38)* | 10.8 (6.88 – 16.8)** |
| 100–199 | 2.25 (1.81 – 2.80)** | 2.37 (1.44 – 3.91)* | 6.13 (3.94 – 9.52)** |
| HIV viral load >500 copies/mL | 1.51 (1.31 – 1.75)** | 1.41 (0.98 – 2.03) | 1.82 (1.45 – 2.29)** |
| ART use | 0.90 (0.79 – 1.03) | 0.56 (0.37 – 0.85)* | 1.00 (0.83 – 1.22) |
| Smoking status | |||
| Never smoked | Referent | Referent | Referent |
| Former smoker | 1.37 (1.08 – 1.74)** | 1.28 (0.57 – 2.87) | 0.88 (0.60 – 1.29) |
| Current smoker | 1.80 (1.51 – 2.14)* | 3.55 (2.04 – 6.18)** | 1.38 (1.07 – 1.77)* |
| Missing status | 5.40 (4.53 – 6.43)** | 8.39 (4.79 – 14.7)** | 5.25 (4.12 – 6.69)** |
| Alcohol-related diagnoses | 1.50 (1.33 – 1.69)** | 1.66 (1.23 – 2.25)* | 1.16 (0.96 – 1.40) |
| Drug use disorders | 1.49 (1.33 – 1.67)** | 1.67 (1.26 – 2.23)** | 1.20 (1.00 – 1.43) |
| Comorbid conditions | |||
| CHF | 2.83 (2.18 – 3.67)** | 2.57 (1.27 – 5.20)* | 2.39 (1.58 – 3.62)** |
| CAD/MI | 1.18 (1.04 – 1.34)* | 0.75 (0.51 – 1.11) | 0.89 (0.72 – 1.09) |
| Renal insufficiency | 2.97 (2.50 – 3.53)** | 2.07 (1.23 – 3.50)* | 1.87 (1.37 – 2.55)** |
| ESLD | 2.72 (1.99 – 3.71)** | 2.20 (0.91 – 5.34) | 1.70 (0.96 – 3.01) |
| HCV infection | 1.28 (1.15 – 1.41)** | 1.33 (1.02 – 1.73)* | 1.01 (0.87 – 1.18) |
| Any malignancy | 2.16 (1.80 – 2.58)** | 1.54 (0.90 – 2.64) | 1.64 (1.22 – 2.21)* |
| Diabetes mellitus | 0.92 (0.81 – 1.05) | 1.08 (0.78 – 1.50) | 0.69 (0.55 – 0.85)* |
| Vaccinations | |||
| Influenza | 0.82 (0.73 – 0.93)* | 0.57 (0.41 – 0.81)* | 0.50 (0.41 – 0.62)** |
| Pneumococcal | 0.97 (0.86 – 1.09) | 0.80 (0.58 – 1.11) | 0.71 (0.59 – 0.86)** |
*
p < 0.05;
**
p < 0.001
CAP = community-acquired pneumonia; TB = pulmonary tuberculosis; PCP = Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia; COPD = chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CHF = congestive heart failure; CAD/MI = coronary artery disease/myocardial infarction; ESLD = end-stage liver disease