Table 3.
Association Between non-Human Immunodeficiency Virus Risk Factors and Formation of New Focal Carotid Artery Plaque, Overall and by Cohort
| Women's Interagency HIV Study (WIHS) (N = 778) |
Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study (MACS) (N = 535) |
Combined (N = 1313) |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Risk Ratio (95% CI) | P Value | Risk Ratio (95% CI) | P Value | Risk Ratio (95% CI) | P Value | |
| Demographics | ||||||
| Age (per year) | 1.05 (1.02, 1.08) | <.001 | 1.02 (.98, 1.05) | .38 | 1.04 (1.01, 1.06) | .002 |
| Race/ethnicity (ref. = white or other) | ||||||
| Black | 0.97 (.45, 2.09) | .93 | 1.05 (.62, 1.80) | .85 | 1.00 (.66, 1.52) | .99 |
| Hispanic | 0.76 (.33, 1.75) | .52 | 0.64 (.28, 1.46) | .29 | 0.73 (.43, 1.23) | .23 |
| Income (ref. = income <$30 000/year) | ||||||
| $30 000/year or more | 0.84 (.40, 1.75) | .64 | 0.73 (.47, 1.13) | .162 | 0.75 (.52, 1.09) | .136 |
| Education (ref. = did not complete high school) | ||||||
| Completed high school | 0.74 (.43, 1.29) | .29 | 1.15 (.46, 2.93) | .76 | 0.86 (.55, 1.35) | .52 |
| At least some college | 0.85 (.49, 1.47) | .57 | 1.03 (.43, 2.45) | .95 | 0.89 (.58, 1.36) | .60 |
| Behavior-related characteristics | ||||||
| History of injection drug use | 0.78 (.38, 1.59) | .49 | 1.31 (.66, 2.60) | .45 | 0.96 (.60, 1.53) | .85 |
| Current crack/cocaine use | 1.07 (.48, 2.39) | .86 | 0.86 (.46, 1.60) | .63 | 0.98 (.61, 1.59) | .94 |
| Current alcohol use | ||||||
| Abstainer | ||||||
| Light (<3 drinks/week, WIHS; 1–3, MACS) | 1.21 (.75, 1.95) | .43 | 0.96 (.56, 1.60) | .84 | 1.00 (.70, 1.41) | .99 |
| Moderate (3–13, WIHS; 4–13 MACS) | 0.71 (.27, 1.91) | .50 | 1.47 (.81, 2.67) | .21 | 1.26 (.79, 2.00) | .32 |
| Heavier (14+ drinks/week) | 1.34 (.45, 4.00) | .59 | 1.64 (.67, 3.98) | .27 | 1.45 (.74, 2.82) | .27 |
| History of hepatitis C infection | 1.16 (.59, 2.27) | .67 | 1.16 (.65, 2.08) | .61 | 1.14 (.75, 1.75) | .54 |
| Cardiometabolic risk factors | ||||||
| Current smoker | 1.83 (1.12, 2.98) | .016 | 1.11 (.71, 1.74) | .65 | 1.42 (1.03, 1.96) | .030 |
| Body mass index (per kg/m2) | 0.96 (.93, 1.00) | .029 | 0.98 (.93, 1.02) | .35 | 0.97 (.94, 1.00) | .027 |
| Systolic blood pressure (per 10 mm Hg) | 1.00 (.88, 1.14) | .94 | 1.08 (.93, 1.25) | .31 | 1.04 (.95, 1.14) | .42 |
| Use of anti-hypertension medications | 1.70 (.97, 2.96) | .062 | 1.39 (.87, 2.20) | .164 | 1.44 (1.02, 2.03) | .040 |
| Total cholesterol (per 10 mg/dL) | 1.05 (1.00, 1.11) | .071 | 1.04 (1.00, 1.07) | .025 | 1.04 (1.01, 1.07) | .003 |
| HDL-cholesterol (per 10 mg/dL) | 0.97 (.84, 1.12) | .69 | 0.91 (.79, 1.05) | .200 | 0.94 (.85, 1.04) | .21 |
| Use of anti-cholesterol medications | 1.54 (.75, 3.14) | .24 | 1.15 (.72, 1.82) | .56 | 1.23 (.84, 1.82) | .29 |
| History of diabetes | 1.67 (1.01, 2.76) | .047 | 1.19 (.65, 2.15) | .58 | 1.41 (.98, 2.03) | .066 |
Models are adjusted for all covariates listed, plus HIV infection and study site.
Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; HIV, human immunodeficiency virus; ref., reference group.