TMIGD1 expression in HEK-293 cells regulates cell proliferation and cell motility. A: HEK-293 cells that expressed TMIGD1 or empty vector were seeded on 24-well plates, and viability of cells was evaluated up to 3 days with MTT assay. B: HEK-293 cells expressing TMIGD1 or empty vector were seeded on Boyden chamber, and migration of cells was evaluated after 12 hours. C: HEK-293 cells expressing empty vector or TMIGD1 were prepared for TFM as described in Materials and Methods. Brightfield microscopic images and corresponding calculated traction vector maps for representative cells are shown. RMS traction calculated for each cell is indicated in the lower right of each traction vector map. Traction vector maps show individual calculated traction vectors at each point of the computational grid that indicate direction and magnitude and a color-coded heat map (shown here in grayscale), corresponding to traction magnitude. Individual cells were selected and imaged, and RMS traction values were calculated and shown in the graph. n = 3 representative experiments (A); n = 4 wells per group (A and B); n = 2 independent experiments (B). ∗∗∗P < 0.001. pMSCV, empty retroviral vector; RMS, root mean square; TFM, traction force microscopy; TMIGD1, transmembrane and immunoglobulin-containing 1.