Table 2.

Chemokine and Cytokine Expression Increases in the Liver after Brain Injury

Time	Control	Vehicle	Telmisartan
IL-1β
6 hours	1.0 ± 0.1	2.0 ± 0.2∗	1.83 ± 0.4
1 day	1.0 ± 0.3	0.92 ± 0.1	0.89 ± 0.1
3 days	1.0 ± 0.2	0.82 ± 0.3	1.8 ± 0.4
IFN-γ
6 hours	1.0 ± 0.2	1.2 ± 0.2	0.8 ± 0.1
1 day	ND	ND	ND
3 days	ND	ND	ND
TNF-α
6 hours	1.0 ± 0.2	0.5 ± 0.1∗∗	0.4 ± 0.1∗∗
1 day	1.0 ± 0.2	0.66 ± 0.1	0.86 ± 0.1
3 days	1.0 ± 0.1	3.0 ± 0.8	3.4 ± 0.9
CXCL10
6 hours	1.0 ± 0.1	1.39 ± 0.1	0.98 ± 0.1†
1 day	1.0 ± 0.2	0.83 ± 0.1	1.01 ± 0.3
3 days	1.0 ± 0.3	1.1 ± 0.2	1.9 ± 0.2
IL-6
6 hours	1.0 ± 0.2	1.1 ± 0.1	1.1 ± 0.3
1 day	1.0 ± 0.2	0.8 ± 0.1	1.1 ± 0.2
3 days	1.0 ± 0.1	1.1 ± 0.1	1.1 ± 0.2
CCL2
6 hours	ND	ND	ND
1 day	ND	ND	ND
3 days	1.0 ± 0.1	1.4 ± 0.3	1.2 ± 0.2
CXCL1
6 hours	1.0 ± 0.2	18.5 ± 1.8∗∗	22.1 ± 3.0∗∗∗
1 day	1.0 ± 0.3	1.56 ± 0.6	2.28 ± 0.4
3 days	1.0 ± 0.2	0.77 ± 0.1	1.92 ± 0.5

Expression of specific genes in the liver at different time points after traumatic brain injury was analyzed by quantitative PCR. RNA was isolated from livers of naïve mice and mice at 6 hours postinjury (hpi) and 1 and 3 days post-injury (dpi), treated with telmisartan or vehicle. Expression of CXCL1, CXCL10, IFN-γ, IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α, and CCL2 was normalized to glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase. CXCL1, IL-1β, and CXCL10 mRNA expression increased at 6 hpi. Telmisartan treatment (1 mg/kg) reduced CXCL10 expression at 6 hpi. TNF-α mRNA expression was reduced at 6 hpi. No differences were observed for hepatic expression of IFN-γ, IL-6, and CCL2 mRNA between control and brain-injured mice. Values are expressed as means ± SEM. n = 5 to 8 per group.

CCL, chemokine ligand; IFN, interferon; ND, not detected; TNF, tumor necrosis factor.

^∗P < 0.05, ^∗∗P < 0.005, and ^∗∗∗P < 0.001 versus expression in control mice.

^†P < 0.05 versus expression in vehicle-treated injured mice.