Figure 1.

Sinusoid melodic line and phasing of the ascending/descending phrase-intonations. The horizontal dashed lines show the placement of the anchor tones in relation to the sine. (A) Typical starting and ending points for the melodic contour of the following varieties of melodic formulas: initial ascending A-B, A-D, A-A1, A-C1; initial descending B-A1, B-C1, B-B1, B-D1; initial wave figure C-C1 and C-B1. The letters for pitch points reflect functionality of pitches: letters A and B represent marginal pitches, and C and D - intermediate pitches in a 4-degree ekmelic mode. (B–D) Melodic contours of typical ekmelic motif-intonations that comprise phrase intonations indicated by black arrow. The vertical dashed lines indicate the margins between the motif-intonations: a, ascending motif; b, descending motif; c, concave wave motif. This figure is based on four figures from “The Problems of Genesis of Mode” by Alekseyev (1976, p. 134). Used by permission.