Table 3.

Basic Elements of Coproduction, Applied to Producers and End Users of Knowledge.

Elements	Description
Active agents	End users of knowledge are active contributors to and cocreators of knowledge, not passive recipients of research conducted by others for them
Equality of partners	There is a shift in the balance of power, with research becoming more end user driven. Researchers and end users have equally valued contributions to make to the conduct and application of research
Reciprocity and mutuality	End users and researchers can each provide something that the other needs; each benefits from the relations. The partners are committed to each other
Transformative	End users’ and researchers’ respective needs and goals are met; they make more and better use of resources; they develop capacity and social capital; the distinction between researchers who produce knowledge and end users who apply it is blurred
Facilitated	Relevant networks and infrastructure incentivize and support coproduction relations, and develop and mobilize knowledge and capabilities