. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2015 Oct 16.

Published in final edited form as: Dev Psychopathol. 2014 Jun 10;26(4 0 1):1021–1033. doi: 10.1017/S0954579414000546

Table 1.

Means ± standard errors of sociodemographic characteristics

Characteristic	Control	Maltreated	Statistical Test
Age (years)	8.56 ± 0.82	8.69 ± 0.66	t (28) = 0.53, p = .60
Range = 7.2–9.8
SES^a	45.52 ± 15.11	41.91 ± 15.27	t (28) < 0.77, p = 44
Range = 7–66
Race (Caucasian)	63%	35%	χ² (4) = 7.42, p = .12
PC-CTS scores^b	3.00 ± 2.96 (range = 0–10)	11.29 ± 9.18 (range = 0–26)	t (43) = 4.44, p = .001

The Four Factor Index of Social Status (Hollingshed, 1975) reflects family socioeconomic status (SES) on the basis of parent education and occupational status.

These scores are taken from the Physical Abuse Scale on the Parent–Child Conflict Tactics Scale (PC-CTS) and include items that reflect frequency and severity of corporal punishment techniques (Straus et al., 1998).