Table 2.
Association Between QTc Interval and Clinical Variables: Multivariable Linear Regression Model
| QTc Interval by Bazett’s Criteria | QTc Interval by Hodges’ Criteria | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Women (n=15 107) | Men (n=16 026) | Women (n=15 107) | Men (n=16 026) | |||||
| β Coefficient (95% CI) | P Value | β Coefficient (95% CI) | P Value | β Coefficient (95% CI) | P Value | β Coefficient (95% CI) | P Value | |
| NAFLD severity | ||||||||
| Mild | 1.46 (−0.52 to 3.44) | 0.148 | 3.29 (1.5 to 5.08) | <0.001 | 1.16 (−0.24 to 2.56) | 0.104 | 1.79 (0.50 to 3.08) | 0.007 |
| Moderate | 7.6 (3.97 to 11.22) | <0.001 | 6.4 (3.74 to 9.05) | <0.001 | 4.89 (2.32 to 7.46) | <0.001 | 4.19 (2.27 to 6.10) | <0.001 |
| Severe | 11.84 (5.12 to 18.55) | 0.001 | 13.71 (9.16 to 18.25) | <0.001 | 8.5 (3.74 to 13.27) | <0.001 | 9.42 (6.14 to 12.7) | <0.001 |
| Age, y | −0.18 (−0.27 to −0.10) | <0.001 | 0.23 (0.16 to 0.31) | <0.001 | −0.03 (−0.09 to 0.03) | 0.318 | 0.27 (0.22 to 0.32) | <0.001 |
| Coronary artery disease | 2.65 (−7.23 to 12.53) | 0.602 | 7.54 (1.74 to 13.34) | 0.011 | 1.9 (−5.11 to 8.9) | 0.596 | 6.31 (2.13 to 10.49) | 0.003 |
| Stroke | −15.54 (−30.24 to −0.84) | 0.038 | 3.4 (−5.47 to 12.26) | 0.453 | −10.66 (−21.09 to −0.23) | 0.045 | 1.53 (−4.86 to 7.92) | 0.639 |
| Metabolic syndrome | 3.54 (1.15 to 5.92) | 0.004 | 6.94 (4.86 to 9.01) | <0.001 | 2.74 (1.05 to 4.43) | 0.002 | 5.3 (3.8 to 6.8) | <0.001 |
| Smoking | −5.53 (−9.52 to −1.54) | 0.007 | −1.83 (−3.65 to −0.02) | 0.048 | −3.07 (−5.90 to −0.24) | 0.033 | −0.71 (−2.02 to 0.60) | 0.287 |
| Systolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 0.57 (0.52 to 0.63) | <0.001 | 0.62 (0.56 to 0.68) | <0.001 | 0.38 (0.33 to 0.42) | <0.001 | 0.43 (0.39 to 0.47) | <0.001 |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | −0.50 (−0.78 to −0.22) | <0.001 | −1.11 (−1.4 to −0.82) | <0.001 | −0.27 (−0.47 to −0.07) | 0.008 | −0.69 (−0.9 to −0.48) | <0.001 |
| HbA1c, % | 4.3 (3.14 to 5.46) | <0.001 | 3.57 (2.65 to 4.50) | <0.001 | 2.68 (1.86 to 3.51) | <0.001 | 2.23 (1.56 to 2.89) | <0.001 |
| Cholesterol, mg/dL | 0.00 (−0.02 to 0.03) | 0.821 | 0.03 (0.01 to 0.06) | 0.007 | 0.00 (−0.02 to 0.02) | 0.954 | 0.02 (0.00 to 0.03) | 0.056 |
| HDL cholesterol, mg/dL | −0.01 (−0.09 to 0.07) | 0.788 | −0.12 (−0.22 to −0.03) | 0.014 | 0.01 (−0.04 to 0.06) | 0.744 | −0.04 (−0.11 to 0.03) | 0.275 |
| Triglycerides, mg/dL | 0.04 (0.03 to 0.06) | <0.001 | 0.01 (0 to 0.02) | 0.02 | 0.03 (0.02 to 0.04) | <0.001 | 0.01 (0 to 0.01) | 0.120 |
| Aspartate aminotransferase, U/L | 0.01 (−0.06 to 0.09) | 0.711 | 0.11 (0.05 to 0.18) | <0.001 | 0.03 (−0.02 to 0.08) | 0.265 | 0.10 (0.05 to 0.14) | <0.001 |
| Estimated glomerular filtration rate, mL/min per 1.73 m2 | 0.3 (0.24 to 0.36) | <0.001 | 0.16 (0.1 to 0.23) | <0.001 | 0.2 (0.16 to 0.24) | <0.001 | 0.11 (0.06 to 0.15) | <0.001 |
| Sodium, mmol/L | 0.11 (−0.2 to 0.43) | 0.485 | 0.43 (0.1 to 0.76) | 0.010 | 0.05 (−0.17 to 0.28) | 0.640 | 0.33 (0.1 to 0.57) | 0.006 |
| Potassium, mmol/L | −6.89 (−9.07 to −4.71) | <0.001 | −11.44 (−13.67 to −9.21) | <0.001 | −5.95 (−7.5 to −4.40) | <0.001 | −9.09 (−10.7 to −7.48) | <0.001 |
| C-reactive protein, mg/dL | 13.52 (11.31 to 15.74) | <0.001 | 12.05 (10.31 to 13.78) | <0.001 | 8.51 (6.94 to 10.08) | <0.001 | 8.10 (6.85 to 9.35) | <0.001 |
| Antiplatelet agent | −1.86 (−7.59 to 3.87) | 0.525 | −0.56 (−4.42 to 3.31) | 0.777 | −1.88 (−5.95 to 2.19) | 0.365 | −0.21 (−3.00 to 2.58) | 0.881 |
| Anticoagulant | 4.97 (−2.68 to 12.61) | 0.203 | −6.22 (−11.44 to −1.00) | 0.02 | 2.92 (−2.51 to 8.34) | 0.292 | −3.75 (−7.51 to 0.02) | 0.051 |
| Left ventricular hypertrophy | −4.35 (−8.19 to −0.51) | 0.027 | −4.42 (−7.54 to −1.30) | 0.006 | −0.50 (−3.23 to 2.22) | 0.717 | −0.49 (−2.74 t o 1.76) | 0.671 |
HbA1c indicates hemoglobin A1c; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; NAFLD, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease; QTc, corrected QT.