Table 2.
Univariate Analysis of Factors Related to Patients Delay of ≤1 Hour and Prehospital Delay of ≤2 Hours
| Patient Delay ≤1 Hour OR (95% CI) | Prehospital Delay ≤2 Hours OR (95% CI) | |
|---|---|---|
| Age >65 years | 0.94 (0.53 to 1.65) | 0.67 (0.36 to 1.22) |
| Female, n | 0.72 (0.40 to 1.32) | 0.62 (0.32 to 1.19) |
| Born in English-speaking country | 0.94 (0.52 to 1.71) | 0.84 (0.45 to 1.55) |
| 10 or more years education | 1.83 (1.04 to 3.22) | 1.80 (0.99 to 3.27) |
| EMS insurance | 1.48 (0.80 to 2.73) | 1.05 (0.55 to 2.00) |
| Nursing/first aid training | 0.96 (0.55 to 1.68) | 0.93 (0.52 to 1.68) |
| Prior risk factors | ||
| Diabetes | 0.74 (0.39 to 1.41) | 0.66 (0.33 to 1.33) |
| Hypertension | 0.91 (0.52 to 1.60) | 0.97 (0.54 to 1.76) |
| Dyslipidemia | 1.00 (0.57 to 1.78) | 1.17 (0.64 to 2.15) |
| Smoking (current or previous) | 1.83 (1.02 to 3.28) | 1.91 (1.04 to 3.49) |
| Depression | 0.80 (0.41 to 1.55) | 1.12 (0.57 to 2.22) |
| Any IHD | 0.90 (0.51 to 1.58) | 0.83 (0.46 to 1.51) |
| MI | 0.94 (0.51 to 1.74) | 1.06 (0.56 to 2.02) |
| Angina | 0.87 (0.48 to 1.55) | 0.86 (0.46 to 1.58) |
| PCI | 0.96 (0.51 to 1.83) | 0.78 (0.39 to 1.55) |
| CABG | 1.15 (0.44 to 3.04) | 0.96 (0.34 to 2.67) |
| Any cardiac risk factor | 1.66 (0.70 to 3.96) | 2.27 (0.81 to 6.34) |
| Experienced severe pain at onset | 1.30 (0.74 to 2.26) | 1.14 (0.64 to 2.06) |
| Experienced central/left-sided chest pain | 1.15 (0.61 to 2.16) | 0.97 (0.50 to 1.89) |
| STEMI | 2.18 (1.08 to 4.39) | 2.06 (1.03 to 4.13) |
| Recognized symptoms as heart related | 2.20 (1.24 to 3.87) | 2.17 (1.19 to 3.94) |
| Sudden onset | 2.67 (1.46 to 4.86) | 2.99 (1.53 to 5.83) |
| Similar symptoms before that went away | 0.33 (0.18 to 0.59) | 0.21 (0.11 to 0.42) |
| Symptoms came and went | 0.18 (0.10 to 0.35) | 0.18 (0.09 to 0.38) |
| Didn’t know any heart attack symptoms | 0.62 (0.29 to 1.31) | 0.20 (0.07 to 0.60) |
| Out of hours onset | 1.86 (1.05 to 3.27) | 1.45 (0.80 to 2.63) |
| Onset in public place | 1.03 (0.58 to 1.84) | 1.52 (0.83 to 2.78) |
| Alone at onset | 1.07 (0.59 to 1.91) | 0.99 (0.54 to 1.83) |
| Perceived control over symptoms | 0.37 (0.17 to 0.80) | 0.51 (0.23 to 1.16) |
| Felt embarrassed to get help | 0.69 (0.34 to 1.43) | 0.54 (0.24 to 1.21) |
| Anxious at symptom onset | 2.24 (1.25 to 4.01) | 2.77 (1.46 to 5.31) |
| Fear of what might happen | 0.83 (0.40 to 1.73) | 0.73 (0.33 to 1.63) |
| Didn’t want to alarm or trouble others* | 0.38 (0.22 to 0.68) | 0.29 (0.15 to 0.53) |
| Didn’t think symptoms were important enough to go to the hospital | 0.15 (0.08 to 0.29) | 0.20 (0.10 to 0.37) |
| Dislike of hospitals/previous bad experience | 0.46 (0.19 to 1.11) | 0.42 (0.15 to 1.16) |
| Choosing to wait and see if symptoms would go away | 0.36 (0.19 to 0.67) | 0.32 (0.17 to 0.61) |
| Wanted to see local physician first | — | 0.08 (0.02 to 0.34) |
| Called EMS | — | 1.64 (0.90 to 2.98) |
CABG indicates coronary artery bypass grafting; EMS, emergency medical services; IHD, ischemic heart disease; MI, myocardial infarction; OR, odds ratio; PCI, percutaneous coronary intervention; STEMI, ST-elevation myocardial infarction.
*
Combined as highly correlated.