Table 4.
WMDs in Cardiorespiratory Fitness and Circulating Concentrations of Biomarkers Between Exercise Groups and Control Groups
| Outcome | No.* | Number of Participants | WMD | 95% CI | P WMD | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Exercise | Control | |||||
| Cardiorespiratory fitness | ||||||
| Absolute, L/min | 67 | 1448 | 1272 | 0.28 | 0.23 to 0.33 | <0.001 |
| Relative, mL/kg per minute | 122 | 2543 | 2249 | 3.94 | 3.48 to 4.39 | <0.001 |
| Lipid and lipoprotein markers | ||||||
| TC, mg/dL | 68 | 1754 | 1604 | 1.16 | −9.28 to 11.99 | 0.82 |
| TG, mg/dL | 66 | 1851 | 1703 | −5.31 | −10.63 to −0.89 | 0.02 |
| HDL-C, mg/dL | 74 | 1967 | 1800 | 2.32 | 1.16 to 3.87 | <0.001 |
| HDL2-C, mg/dL | 5 | 91 | 92 | 0.39 | −1.93 to 2.32 | 0.8 |
| HDL3-C, mg/dL | 3 | 62 | 62 | −0.08 | −1.55 to 1.55 | 0.94 |
| LDL-C, mg/dL | 59 | 1681 | 1525 | 3.87 | −8.12 to 0.39 | 0.08 |
| VLDL-C, mg/dL | 7 | 130 | 102 | −3.09 | −8.51 to 2.32 | 0.29 |
| Apo AI, g/L | 5 | 63 | 62 | 0.03 | 0.02 to 0.04 | <0.001 |
| Apo AII, g/L | 2 | 140 | 126 | 0.01 | −0.01 to 0.03 | 0.2 |
| Apo B, g/L | 5 | 103 | 87 | 0.01 | −0.01 to 0.03 | 0.4 |
| FFA, mmol/L | 6 | 70 | 62 | −0.06 | −0.14 to 0.03 | 0.21 |
| Adipokine and inflammatory markers | ||||||
| CRP, mg/L | 13 | 598 | 554 | −0.22 | −0.78 to 0.34 | 0.44 |
| IL-6, pg/mL | 6 | 130 | 121 | −0.05 | −0.27 to 0.17 | 0.66 |
| IL-18, pg/mL | 2 | 67 | 56 | 18.3 | 0.10 to 36.6 | 0.05 |
| TNF-α, pg/mL | 3 | 43 | 44 | 0.21 | −0.37 to 0.79 | 0.48 |
| Adiponectin, μg/mL | 6 | 273 | 267 | 0.52 | −0.20 to 1.23 | 0.16 |
| Leptin, ng/mL | 7 | 312 | 315 | −2.72 | −4.03 to −1.42 | <0.001 |
| Glucose/insulin metabolism markers | ||||||
| Glucose, mmol/L | 49 | 1720 | 1569 | −0.07 | −0.13 to 0.004 | 0.06 |
| Insulin, μIU/mL | 29 | 1272 | 1149 | −1.03 | −1.69 to −0.37 | 0.002 |
| HOMA-IR | 14 | 1033 | 912 | −0.3 | −0.49 to −0.11 | 0.002 |
| HbA1c, % | 19 | 972 | 878 | −0.28 | −0.42 to −0.14 | <0.001 |
| C-peptide, nmol/L | 2 | 66 | 34 | −0.08 | −0.29 to 0.46 | 0.67 |
| IGF-1, ng/mL | 5 | 230 | 207 | 3.16 | −2.98 to 9.31 | 0.31 |
| IGF-BP3, μg/mL | 2 | 170 | 164 | −0.002 | −0.23 to 0.23 | 0.99 |
| Hemostatic factors | ||||||
| Fibrinogen, g/L | 2 | 36 | 39 | −0.39 | −0.75 to −0.03 | 0.04 |
| Endothelin-1, pg/mL | 2 | 34 | 32 | −0.22 | −0.62 to 0.19 | 0.29 |
| Angiotensin II, pg/mL | 2 | 24 | 25 | −1.32 | −2.11 to −0.54 | 0.001 |
Apo AI indicates apolipoprotein A1; Apo AII, apolipoprotein A2; Apo B, apolipoprotein B; CRP, C-reactive protein; FFA, free fatty acid; HbA1c, glycosylated hemoglobin A1c; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HOMA-IR, homeostatic model assessment–insulin resistance; IGF-1, insulin-like growth factor 1; IGF-BP3, insulin-like growth factor binding protein 3; IL, interleukin; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglycerides; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor α; VLDL-C, very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; WMDs, weighted mean differences.
*
Number of eligible independent comparisons.