Table 7.

WMDs in Biomarkers of Glucose Intolerance and Insulin Resistance Comparing Exercise Intervention Groups to Control Groups by Specific Modifiers

Modifier	Fasting Glucose (mmol/L)					Fasting Insulin (μIU/mL)
	n	WMD	95% CI	I2, %	P interaction *	n	WMD	95% CI	I2, %	P interaction
Age, y
<50	5	0.09	−0.11 to 0.29	91.3	0.57	4	−1.34	−3.44 to 0.76	76.9	0.22
≥50	7	0.01	−0.06 to 0.07	36.9		3	0.45	−1.23 to 2.13	75.6
Sex
Women	16	−0.06	−0.19 to 0.08	91.4	0.93	9	−0.27	−1.12 to 0.57	68.7	0.04
Men	9	−0.07	−0.25 to 0.12	84.3		6	−2.86	−3.55 to −2.17	0.0
Lifestyle
Active	2	−0.20	−0.74 to 0.34	99.0	0.63	0	NA	NA	NA	NA
Sedentary	29	−0.06	−0.16 to 0.03	80.2		17	−0.94	−1.75 to −0.13	78.5
BMI†
Obese	20	−0.06	−0.20 to 0.07	90.7	0.90	13	−0.93	−2.18 to 0.32	82.0	0.88
Nonobese	18	−0.05	−0.17 to 0.07	80.7		10	−0.86	−1.52 to −0.19	32.8
Health status‡
Yes	9	−0.18	−0.40 to 0.05	0.0	0.40	6	−2.68	−4.67 to −0.70	75.2	0.05
None	27	−0.03	−0.11 to 0.06	87.2		14	−0.70	−1.60 to 0.21	77.5
Duration, wk
<16	30	−0.10	−0.22 to 0.03	90.0	0.70	13	−1.35	−2.50 to −0.20	79.3	0.58
≥16	19	−0.02	−0.09 to 0.06	47.5		16	−0.83	−1.83 to 0.17	78.7

BMI indicates body mass index; NA, not available due to the lack of comparisons reported for active participants; WMDs, weighted mean differences.

^*P-values for the impact of potential modifiers on the exercise effects.

^†BMI in kg/m²: obese ≥30; nonobese <30.

^‡Health status: participants having at least 1 of type 2 diabetes, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, or metabolic syndrome (yes) vs those with none of them (none).