Table 1.
Characteristics of MMT participants at baseline (n = 965)
| Hai Phong | HCMC | Total | p value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| % (n) | % (n) | % (n) | ||
| Gender | ||||
| Male | 98.1 (458) | 92.0 (458) | 94.9 (916) | 0.000b |
| Female | 1.9 (9) | 8.0 (40) | 5.1 (49) | |
| Age—mean (SE) | 34.4 (0.1) | 30.1 (0.1) | 32.3 (0.1) | 0.000c |
| Under 20 | 2.8 (13) | 1.0 (5) | 1.9(18) | 0.000d |
| 20 to 25 | 10.3 (48) | 15.7 (78) | 13.1 (126) | |
| 25 to 29 | 19.1 (89) | 45.9 (228) | 32.9 (317) | |
| 30 or more | 67.9 (317) | 37.4 (186) | 52.2 (503) | |
| Education | ||||
| No school | 0.6 (3) | 0.8 (4) | 0.7 (7) | 0.631d |
| Primary school | 8.8 (41) | 10.6 (53) | 9.7 (94) | |
| Secondary school | 44.1 (206) | 46.8 (233) | 45.5 (439) | |
| High school | 42.2 (197) | 38.0 (189) | 40.0 (386) | |
| College/university | 4.3 (20) | 3.8 (19) | 4.0 (39) | |
| Monthly income—mean in US$ (SE) | 285.5 (11.2) | 292.4 (13.8) | 289.1 (8.9) | 0.699c |
| Duration of drug use—mean in year (SE) | 9.7 (0.2) | 9.6 (0.2) | 9.7 (0.1) | 0.596c |
| Frequency of heroin use at baseline | ||||
| Once per day | 1.1 (5) | 2.4 (12) | 1.8 (17) | 0.256b |
| 2 to 3 times/day | 62.9 (291) | 63.6 (316) | 63.2 (607) | |
| 4 times or more per day | 36.1 (167) | 34.0 (169) | 35.0 (336) | |
| Methods of administering drug in the 30 days prior to MMT enrollment | ||||
| Injecting | 81.2 (379) | 87.0 (433) | 84.2 (812) | 0.014b |
| Inhaling | 21.6 (101) | 18.7 (93) | 20.1 (194) | 0.253b |
| Had ever been in state-operated drug rehabilitation centers (“06 centers”) | 15.0 (70) | 45.6 (227) | 30.8 (297) | 0.000b |
| Had had sex with regular partners | 46.7 (218) | 43.4 (216) | 45.0 (434) | 0.302b |
| Had had commercial sex in the previous 3 months | 3.6 (17) | 2.6 (13) | 3.1 (30) | 0.357b |
| Had a regular sex partner who was also PWID | 7.5 (35) | 14.5 (72) | 11.1 (107) | 0.001b |
| HIV-positive | 26.6 (124) | 37.2 (146)a | 31.4 (270) | 0.001b |
| Hepatitis B positive | 11.8 (55) | 20.6 (102) | 16.3 (157) | 0.000b |
| Hepatitis C positive | 40.0 (187) | 69.8 (346) | 55.4 (533) | 0.000b |
aIn 392 participants (out of 498) who agreed to provide blood samples for HIV test or had HIV test results in their medical records at MMT clinics
bChi-square test
c T test
dFisher’s exact test