Table 4.
Bivariate analyses of risk factors for concurrent heroin use among MMT patients
| Hai Phong | HCMC | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unadjusted OR | 95 % CI | Unadjusted OR | 95 % CI | |
| Age (in 5-year units) | 0.9 | 0.8–1.0 | 0.8 | 0.7–0.9 |
| Gender (male is reference) | 0.7 | 0.2–2.0 | 0.7 | 0.4–1.2 |
| Ever been in an 06 center (yes/no) | 1.0 | 0.7–1.5 | 1.1 | 0.8–1.5 |
| Being employed full-time (yes/no) | 1.1 | 0.9–1.4 | 0.7 | 0.6–0.9 |
| Had problematic relation with family and/or community members (yes/no) | 0.7 | 0.3–1.6 | 1.4 | 0.9–2.0 |
| Had negative activities in family (yes/no) | 2.0 | 1.0–4.0 | 1.9 | 1.3–2.7 |
| Involved in criminal activities (yes/no) | 1.2 | 0.6–2.2 | 1.6 | 0.6–4.2 |
| Had PWID sex partners (yes/no) | 1.2 | 0.4–3.6 | 1.3 | 0.9–1.8 |
| Had PWID cohabitants (yes/no) | 0.9 | 0.5–1.9 | 1.7 | 1.0–3.0 |
| Methadone dosage (in 5-ml units) | 1.2 | 1.0–1.3 | 1.2 | 1.1–1.3 |
| Adherence to MMTa | ||||
| Good adherence | 1 | – | – | – |
| Moderate adherence | 1.5 | 1.2–1.8 | 1.5 | 1.2–1.9 |
| Poor adherence | 1.9 | 0.8–4.5 | 3.5 | 1.7–7.1 |
| Current ART (yes/no) | 2.2 | 1.5–3.1 | 2.1 | 1.6–2.9 |
| Current TB treatment (yes/no) | 0.9 | 0.1–5.9 | 3.0 | 2.0–4.6 |
aAdherence level was defined as the following: good: no dose missed; moderate: missed doses for 1 to 4 continuous days; poor: missed doses for 5 or more continuous days