Patient cohort |
Patient cohort |
All studies on preterm infants |
Adult studies (>16 years) |
All studies on children (birth – 16 years) |
Animal studies |
Intervention |
Intervention |
Whole protein formula or feeds |
Paediatric formula/feeds assessing impact of osmolality, carbohydrates and fat content on GE |
Partial or extensively hydrolysed casein formula or feeds |
Partial or extensively hydrolysed casein formula or feeds |
Paediatric formula/feeds that are mixed at a non-standard concentration |
Mix of casein and whey protein, hydrolysed or whole formula or feeds |
Paediatric formula/feeds that are pre-thickened |
Adult feeds |
Amino acids formula or feeds |
Any feeds tested in animal models |
Comparison |
Comparison |
Whole protein formulas versus breast milk |
Adult feeds |
Whole protein versus hydrolysed (casein/whey) formula/feeds |
Animal models |
Hydrolysed (casein/whey) versus amino acid formula/feeds |
Amino acid versus whole protein formula/feeds |
Outcome measurements |
Outcome measurements |
Scintigraphy (Tc99 sulfur colloid scan) |
Paracetamol absorption |
13C-OABT |
13C-acetate BT |
13C-Na- OABT |
Ultrasound |
Manometry |