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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2016 Aug 1.
Published in final edited form as: Am J Prev Med. 2015 Aug;49(2 0 1):S31–S45. doi: 10.1016/j.amepre.2015.03.023

Table 2.

Summary of Impact of Contraceptive Counseling in Clinical Settings for Adolescents

Reference Quality Intensity Outcomes
Total
outcomes
with positive
impact for
study†
Long-term
Medium-term
Short-term
Decreased
teen
pregnancy
rate		 Increased
contraceptive
use		 Increased use
of more
effective
contraceptives		 Increased
correct use of
contraceptives		 Increased
continuation
of
contraceptive
use		 Increased
repeat and
follow-up
service use		 Increased
quality and
satisfaction
with service		 Increased
knowledge		 Enhanced other
psychosocial
determinants of
contraceptive use
Berger (1987)17 Level II-3; high risk for bias Moderate NA ↑ NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 1/1
Brindis (2005)19 Level II-3; high risk for bias Moderate ↑ ↑ ↑ NA NA ↑ NA NA NA 4/4
Cowley (2002)20 Level II-3; high risk for bias Low NA * * NA NA NA NA NA NA 0/0
Hanna (1993)23 Level I; moderate risk for bias Low NA NA NA ↑ NA NA NA NA ↔ 1/2
Kirby (2010)24 Level I; moderate risk for bias Moderate ↔ ↔ NA ↔ NA ↔ ↔ NA NA 0/5
Winter (1991)36 Level II-1; high risk for bias Moderate ↔ ↑ NA NA ↑ NA ↔ ↑ ↑ 4/6
Total studies with positive impact† 1/3 3/5 1/2 1/2 1/1 1/2 0/2 1/1 1/2

Note: Intensity of intervention defined as low (intervention took place during a single visit); moderate (intervention took place during more than one visit, but less frequently than weekly); or high (intervention took place weekly).

↑Statistically significant positive impact; ↓statistically significant negative impact; ↔ no evidence of a statistically significant impact.

*

No statistical testing conducted, but improvement observed.

†

Statistically significant.

NA, not assessed; UIP, unintended pregnancy.