Table 3.
Summary of Impact of Contraceptive Counseling in Clinical Settings for Adults or Mixed Populations
| Reference | Quality | Intensity | Outcomes | Total outcomes with positive impact for study† |
|||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Long-term | Medium-term | Short-term | |||||||||||
| Decreased teen or UIP rate |
Increased contraceptive use |
Increased use of more effective contraceptives |
Increased correct use of contraceptives |
Increased continuation of contraceptive use |
Increased repeat or follow-up service use |
Increased dual-method contraceptive use |
Increased quality and satisfaction with service |
Increased knowledge |
Enhanced other psychosocial determinants of contraceptive use |
||||
| Adams-Skinner (2009)15 | Level II-2; high risk for bias | Moderate | NA | ↑/↔ | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 1/1 |
| Bender (2004)16 | Level I; moderate risk for bias | Moderate | NA | ↔ | ↔ | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 0/2 |
| Boise (2003)18 | Level II-3; high risk for bias | Moderate | NA | * | NA | * | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 0/0 |
| Custo (1987)21 | Level I; moderate risk for bias | Low | ↔ | NA | ↑ | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 1/2 |
| Gilliam (2004)22 | Level I; moderate risk for bias | Low | ↔ | NA | NA | NA | ↔ | NA | NA | NA | ↑ | NA | 1/3 |
| Langston (2010)25 | Level I; moderate risk for bias | Low | NA | NA | ↔ | NA | ↔ | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 0/2 |
| Lee (2011)26 | Level II-3; high risk for bias | Low | NA | ↑ | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 1/1 |
| Namerow (1989)27 | Level II-1; high risk for bias | Low | ↔ | NA | NA | ↑ | NA | ↔ | NA | NA | NA | NA | 1/3 |
| Nobili (2007)28 | Level I; moderate risk for bias | Low | NA | NA | ↑ | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | ↑ | ↑ | 3/3 |
| Petersen (2007)29,30 | Level I; moderate risk for bias | Low | ↔ | NA | NA | ↔ | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 0/2 |
| Proctor (2006)31 | Level I; high risk for bias | Low | NA | NA | ↔ | NA | NA | NA | NA | ↑ | NA | NA | 1/2 |
| Schunmann (2006)32 | Level I; moderate risk for bias | Low | ↔ | ↔ | ↑ | NA | ↔ | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 1/4 |
| Shlay (2003)33 | Level I; moderate risk for bias | Low | ↔ | NA | ↑/↔ | NA | NA | ↔ | ↑/↔ | NA | NA | NA | 2/4 |
| Todres (1990)34 | Level II-3; high risk for bias | Low | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | ↑ | NA | 1/1 |
| Weisman (2002)35 | Level II-3; high risk for bias | NR | NA | ↑ | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | ↑ | NA | ↑/↔ | 3/3 |
| Yassin (2005)37 | Level II-3; high risk for bias | Low | NA | * | * | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 0/0 |
| Total studies with positive impact † | 0/6 | 4/7 | 4/8 | 1/3 | 0/3 | 0/2 | 1/1 | 2/2 | 3/3 | 2/2 | |||
Note: Intensity of intervention defined as low (intervention took place during a single visit); moderate (intervention took place during more than one visit, but less frequently than weekly); or high (intervention took place weekly).
↑Statistically significant positive effect; ↓statistically significant negative effect; ↔ no evidence of a statistically significant effect.
*
No statistical testing conducted, but improvement observed.
†
Statistically significant.
NA, not assessed; NR, not reported; UIP, unintended pregnancy.