Figure 5.

The DNA content disturbances mechanisms in yeast. When cells arrested at the mitotic checkpoint are unable to restore proper mitosis, they supposedly die due to mitotic catastrophe. If cells evade death at this point, the ploidy shifts may occur. Aberrant division results in various consequences, such as the gain or loss of single chromosomes, haploidization or entering into sequential steps of illegitimate polyploidization and depolyploidization. Genome duplication may occur by ‘mitotic slippage’ or by ‘cytokinesis failure’ leading to binucleated or polyploidal cell, respectively. Polyploidal cells frequently undergo aneuploidization. Ploidy reduction may occur by multipolar spindle formation and subsequent loss of chromosome set in one step, by successive loss of chromosomes leading to haploid state, or by selective elimination of the parental chromosomes from the cell via nucleoautophagy.