Table 3.
Table comparing results from this study to prior studies of cytokine responses to human norovirus (NoV) infection. An ‘x’ indicates significant elevation compared to uninfected controls; grey cells indicate that no testing was conducted for that cytokine
| Study | This study* | Lindesmith 2005 12 | Long 2011 22 | Chen 2012 37 | Souza 2008 18 | Souza 2007 19 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| NoV genogroup | GI.1 | GII.2 | Mixed | Mixed | GII.4 | GII.4 |
| Subjects | Human | Human | Human | Human | Gn Calf | Gn Pig |
| Study design | Challenge | Challenge | Observational cohort | Cross-sectional | Challenge | Challenge |
| Cytokine | ||||||
| IFN-α | x | |||||
| IFN-α2 | n.s. | |||||
| IFN-γ | x | x | n.s. | x† | x | |
| IL-1ra | n.s. | |||||
| IL-1a | n.s. | |||||
| IL-1b | n.s. | |||||
| IL-2 | x | x | ||||
| IL-4 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | x† | x | |
| IL-5 | n.s. | x | x | |||
| IL-6 | x | n.s. | x | x | ||
| IL-8 | x | x | x | |||
| IL-10 | x | n.s. | n.s. | x† | x | |
| IL-12 | x† | x | ||||
| IL-12p40 | n.s. | |||||
| IL-12p70 | x | |||||
| MCP-1 | x | x | ||||
| TNF-α | x | n.s. | n.s. | x† | ||
| TNF-β | n.s. | |||||
NoV = norovirus; Gn = gnotobiotic; ns, not significant; IL = interleukin; IFN = interferon; TNF = tumour necrosis factor; MCP = monocyte chemoattractant protein.
*
Modelled using conditional logistic regression conditional on inoculum dose and adjusted for age.
†
Cytokine concentrations were elevated compared to controls but no statistical testing was conducted.