Table 5.

The aerodynamic characteristics of coarse CAR powder and CAR nanoparticles

Parameter	Coarse drug (mean ± SD)	Nanoparticles (mean ± SD)
Total emitted dose (µg; TED)	1,472.00±312.00	1,794.00±178.00
Total emitted dose% (% of nominal dose; TED%)	73.60±15.60	89.70±8.90
Fine particle dose (µg; FPD)	818.40±94.20	1,469.30±77.10
Fine particle fraction (% of emitted dose; FPF)	55.60±6.40	81.90±4.30
Mass median aerodynamic diameter (µm; MMAD)	4.20±1.50	2.80±1.20
Geometric standard deviation (GSD)	2.10±0.40	1.70±0.50

Abbreviations: CAR, carvedilol; SD, standard deviation.