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. 2015 Oct 12;10:6455–6467. doi: 10.2147/IJN.S92019

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© 2015 Neacsu et al. This work is published by Dove Medical Press Limited, and licensed under Creative Commons Attribution – Non Commercial (unported, v3.0) License

The full terms of the License are available at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/. Non-commercial uses of the work are permitted without any further permission from Dove Medical Press Limited, provided the work is properly attributed.

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(A) A top-view SEM image of TiO₂ nanotubes (Ti/TiO₂). (B) Effects of Ti/TiO₂ surface vs cpTi on p38, ERK1/2, and JNK activation in the absence or presence of LPS in RAW 264.7 macrophages.

Notes: Cells were allowed to adhere on the surfaces for 24 hours and then incubated with 1 µg·mL⁻¹ LPS for specified times. Phosphorylated proteins were detected by the ELISA technique as described in Materials and methods. The data are expressed as mean ± SD. *P<0.05; ***P<0.001.

Abbreviations: cpTi, commercial pure titanium; SEM, scanning electron microscope; JNK, c-Jun NH₂-terminal kinase; LPS, lipopolysaccharide; ELISA, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase; ERK, extracellular signal-regulated kinase; SD, standard deviation; vs, versus.