| Svensson et al., 2013 |
Prospective; longitudinal Baseline (4 months prior to surgery for surgery group) .5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 10, 15, and 20 years follow-up
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Surgery group =2,010; non-surgical control group = 2,037 Sample derived from Swedish Obese Subjects (SOS) trial; recruited from media campaigns and health care centers Identical inclusion/exclusion criteria for both surgery and control groups: eligible for bariatric surgery, between 37 and 60 years; BMI ≥ 34 men and ≥ 38 for women n.d. n.d. .5 yrs., n.d. 1 yr., 87% 2 yrs., 71% 10 yrs., 52% 15 yrs., 50% 20 yrs. GBP = 265; 376=AGB; VBG =1,369 Mean age (S.D.): GBP= 47 (6.0); AGB=47.6 (6.0); VBG=47.1 (5.9) Males: GBP=28.7 %, AGB=30.9 %, VBG=29.1 % N.D. (conducted in Sweden)
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SOS dietary questionnaire (assessed intake of food and beverages in past 3 months); self-reported alcohol use problems were assessed with an affirmative response to “Do you think you have alcohol problems?”; alcohol abuse diagnosis obtained from medical records Self-reported data (alcohol use frequency and problems with alcohol) and chart review (alcohol abuse diagnosis) N.D. provided if assessments were self-administered or interviewer/clinician administered
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Post-surgical problematic alcohol use/alcohol use disorder Post-surgical alcohol use/frequency of alcohol use Quantity of alcohol intake
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| King et al., 2012 |
Prospective; longitudinal Baseline (pre-surgery), 1, and 2 years post-surgery
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n=1945 Sample recruited from participating surgeons at 10 centers across the U.S. Patients > 18 years old, seeking bariatric surgery 79% completed baseline and first and/or 2nd year post-operative assessment See above 69.6%=RYGB, 25.2% = AGB 4.9% = other Median age (range)=47 (38-55) 78.8%=female; 21.2%=male 87% white; 9.4% black; 4.9% Hispanic
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Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT); scored an 8 or higher on AUDIT, or at least 1 symptom of alcohol related harm or alcohol dependence Self-reported; in-person interview
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Pre-surgical history of problematic alcohol use/alcohol use disorder Post-surgical problematic alcohol use/alcohol use disorder Post-surgical alcohol use/frequency of alcohol use Quantity of alcohol intake
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| Conason et al., 2012 |
Prospective; longitudinal Baseline (pre-surgery) and 1, 3, 6, 12, and 24 months post-surgery
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n=155 Recruited from a pre-operation information center at one participating bariatric surgery center N.D. N.D. 61% 1 mo., 41% 3 mo., 43% 6 mo., 49% 12 mo., 25% 24 mo. n=100 RYGB; n=55 AGB Mean age = 40 (SD=11) 85% female, 15% male 47% Hispanic, 32% non-Hispanic black,17% non-Hispanic white 1% Asian; 3% other
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“Compulsive Behaviors Questionnaire” (developed by study authors) Self-administered questionnaire
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Post-surgical problematic alcohol use/alcohol use disorder Any alcohol use/frequency of alcohol use Post-surgical illicit drug use
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| Wee et al., 2014 |
Prospective; longitudinal Baseline (pre-surgery), 1, and 2 years post-surgery
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n= 541 Sample derived from Assessment of Bariatric Surgery Study (ABS); recruited from 2 WLS centers in Boston, MA. 18-65, English speaking, permission of physician 70% 69 % 1 year, 63% 2 year RYBG = 55%, AGB = 44%; ASG/other = 1% Mean age = 43.9 Male = 24 %; Female = 76% 69% non-Hispanic white; 17% African American; 11% Hispanic; 4% Other
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Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test – C (AUDIT-C); high-risk alcohol use defined as cut off score≥4 in men ≥3 in women, or affirmative response to follow up items of alcohol dependency (i.e., impaired control over drinking, morning drinking, etc.), or harmful drinking (i.e., others concerned about drinking, guilt after drinking, etc.). Self-reported; Telephone interviews
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Post-surgical problematic alcohol use/alcohol use disorder Any alcohol use/frequency of alcohol use Quantity of alcohol intake
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| Lent et al., 2013 |
Prospective; longitudinal Baseline (6-12 months before surgery) & 1 time post-surgery (mean 34.9 months post-surgery; +/12.8 months)
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n=155 RYGB patients recruited from rural integrated health system Respondents who returned a post-operative (mailed)survey and answered at least one question on recent alcohol and smoking use, 899 patients recruited, 155 (17.2%) answered at least one question on alcohol and smoking use at both pre- and post-operative assessments. 345 (38%) of 899 completed post-operative survey; of these 155 answered a question on recent smoking and alcohol use and were included in analysis 100% RYGB Mean age = 50.1(S.D=11.3 years) 80.6% female 98.1% white
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Substance use questionnaire created by study researchers (not validated). Questions included: “How often did you have a drink containing alcohol in the past year?” “How many drinks did you have on a typical day when you were drinking in the past year?” and “How often did you have 6 or more drinks on [one] occasion in the past year?” Alcohol use on typical drinking occasions categorized as 1) none, 2) low consumption (1-4 drinks), and 3) high consumption (≥5). Mailed, self-administered questionnaire
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Any alcohol use/frequency of alcohol use
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| Alfonsson et al., 2014 |
Prospective; longitudinal 5 months prior to surgery (m-153 days, SD=10.52) and 12 months post-surgery (m=370, SD=77.3)post-surgery
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n=129 Patients were recruited from a University hospital in Sweden who were eligible for RYGB N.D. N.D 100% (only complete data used in analyses). 100% RYGB Mean age =42.8 (SD=10.52) 78% female N.D. (conducted in Sweden)
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Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT); scored an 8 (men) or 6 (women) or higher on AUDIT to indicate AUD or at least 1 symptom of alcohol related harm or alcohol dependence; Adult ADHD Self-Rating Scale (ASRS) for ADHD symptomatology Self-reported data; N.D. if assessments were self-administered or interviewer/clinician administered
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History of problematic alcohol use/alcohol use disorder Post-surgical problematic alcohol use/alcohol use disorder
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| Buffington, 2007 |
Cross-sectional One time post-surgery; 84% ≥ one year post-surgery
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n=318 Online survey Open to all readers of an online bariatric surgery journal, who had bariatric surgery N/A N/A 97.4% RYGB 49.4% between 36 and 50 93.7% female (n=298) N.D.; respondents from U.S., northern Europe, & Israel
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No standardized assessments; “questions pertaining to alcohol sensitivity, postoperative changes in alcohol use and clearance.” Online survey
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Problematic alcohol use/alcohol use disorder Post-surgical problematic alcohol use/alcohol use disorder Any alcohol use/frequency of alcohol use Quantity of alcohol intake Subjective sensitivity to alcohol
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| Ertelt et al., 2008 |
Cross-sectional One time; 6-10 years post-bariatric surgery
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n=70; Surveys mailed to patients who underwent the RYGB procedure, 6-10 years ago, at one bariatric surgery center N.D. 28% (70 of 250 mailed surveys) N/A 100%= RYGB Mean age=49.9 (SD=9.2) 85.5% female 90% white
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Post-Bariatric Surgery Appearance Questionnaire (developed by study authors, contains questions on alcohol abuse and dependence based on DSM-IV criteria; not validated) Self-administered questionnaires mailed to participants
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History of problematic alcohol use/alcohol use disorder Post-surgical problematic alcohol use/alcohol use disorder Any alcohol use/frequency of alcohol use Quantity of alcohol intake Subjective sensitivity to alcohol
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| Mitchell et al., 2001 |
Cross-sectional One time; 13-15 years post-surgery
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n=78 Post-operative patients from one facility, contacted via postal mail and telephone N.D. 78% (100 post-operative patients attempted to be contacted) N/A 100% RYGB Mean age = 56.8 (31-77) 83% (n=65) female N.D.
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MFED – instrument which uses sections of Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Disorders (SCID) Telephone interview
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History of problematic alcohol use/alcohol use disorder Post-surgical problematic alcohol use/alcohol use disorder Pre-surgical History of illicit drug use Post-surgical/Post-Surgical illicit drug use
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| Macias & Leal, 2003 |
Cross-sectional One time; 18 months post-surgery
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n=140 Post-operative patients from a University hospital in Spain N.D. N.D. N/A 100% VBG Binge eating group 36.46 (SD=11.72); non binge eating eating group 44.61 (SD=9.92) 78.6% female N.D. (conducted in Spain)
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Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory-II to assess alcohol dependence N.D.
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Post-surgical problematic alcohol use/alcohol use disorder
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| Suzuki et al., 2012 |
Cross-sectional Retrospective chart review (pre-surgical data) & telephone interview (post-surgical data)
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n= Patients were recruited who completed pre-operative psychological evaluation at Bringham and Women's Hospital and underwent bariatric surgery between 2004 and 2007 ≥ 2 years post-surgery; ≥ 18 years old 460 surveys mailed to patients; 51 agreed to participate (11.1%) N/A RYGB 54.9%, LAGB 45.1% mean age= 51 (SD=8.7; 33-68) 86.3% female N.D.
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Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV (administered post-surgery only) Chart review of pre-surgical psychiatric assessments & telephone interview post-surgery
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History of problematic alcohol use/alcohol use disorder Post-surgical problematic alcohol use/alcohol use disorder Pre-surgical history of illicit drug use Post-surgical illicit drug use
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| Odom et al., 2010 |
Cross-sectional; retrospective Mailed surveys administered one time, over 1 year post-surgery
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n=203 Surveys mailed to bariatric surgery patients identified through patient database from one hospital. N.D. 1,117 surveys mailed, 24.8% returned (n=278), 203 included in final analysis 100% RYGB Mean age = 50.6 (+/9.8 years) 85% female 71.9% white N.D.
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No standardized assessment. “Has your alcohol consumption increased/decreased since bariatric surgery” and “Has anyone ever expressed concern about your use of alcohol or drugs?” Retrospective chart review (pre-surgical data) & self-administered surveys sent via postal mail (post-surgical data)
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Post-surgical problematic alcohol use/alcohol use disorder Subjective change in alcohol use after surgery
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| Adams et al., 2012 |
Medical record review Review of medical records collected pre-surgery, 6, 12, and 24 months post-surgery
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n=61 Chart review of veterans who underwent bariatric surgery from one VA facility between 2003 and 2008. Met national VA requirements for bariatric surgery N/A N/A 59% AGB, 41% RYGB Mean age = 48 +/-7.3; 35-60) 67%=male 70%=white; 28.3% African American
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AUDIT-C for alcohol use diagnoses; DSM-IV based diagnosis made by licensed clinical psychologist or healthcare provider for drug use disorder(pre-surgery), and urine screen (post-surgery) Medical chart review
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History of problematic alcohol use/alcohol use disorder Post-surgical problematic alcohol use/alcohol use disorder Pre-surgical illicit drug use Post-surgical illicit drug use
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| Tedesco et al., 2013 |
Medical record review Review of medical records collected pre-surgery and 2 weeks, 2 months, 6 months, and 12 months post-surgery
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n=205; n= 74 with a pre-surgical history of substance abuse (alcohol and drugs; SA group), n= 131 with no substance abuse history (NA group) Veterans who had undergone bariatric surgery at the Palo Alto VA from 2002 and 2011 at one Veterans Affairs hospital; identified through database review N/A N/A N/A 11.2% AGB (n= 23); 35% ASG (n=72); 53.7% RYGB (n=110) Mean age = 51.5 SA group =86.5% male; NA group =73.3% male N.D.
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Diagnosis made by mental health professional based on DSM-IV-TR criteria Medical chart review; participants were screened for alcohol and substance abuse as a part of their regular post-op visits
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Pre-surgical problematic alcohol use/alcohol use disorder Post-surgical problematic alcohol use/alcohol use disorder Pre-surgical illicit drug use Post-Surgical illicit drug use
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| Saules et al., 2010 |
Medical record review Retrospective review of electronic medical records
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Review of 7,199 medical records Review of medical records of patients admitted to a drug and alcohol treatment program Admitted to drug and alcohol treatment program from April 16, 2006 to May 31, 2009 and have a history of WLS. N/A N/A N.D. Mean age =44.7(SD=9.2) 70.4% female 81.5% white
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N.D. Chart Review of substance abuse and alcohol abuse diagnoses among WLS patients
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Prevalence of patients admitted to a substance use treatment facility that have a history of WLS History of problematic alcohol use/alcohol use disorder Post-surgical problematic alcohol use/alcohol use disorder
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| Wiedemann et al., 2013 |
Medical record review and semi-structured interview Retrospective review of electronic medical records, and interview one time after surgery with identified patients.
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Review of 4,658 medical records, and interview of 56 identified WLS patients. Review of medical records of patients admitted to a drug and alcohol treatment program, and recruitment to participate in an interview. Admitted to drug and alcohol treatment program from July 2009 to April 2011, have a history of WLS, and agreed to an interview. 91.07% (51 out of 56 patients) N/A 90.6% RYGB Mean age =44.8 (SD=7.11) 71.4% female 91.1% white,
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AUDIT-R for alcohol use, questions developed by investigators to assess illicit drug use/alcohol use trajectories (i.e. “Do you feel like your problems with alcohol/drugs began after you had bariatric surgery? If yes, please describe how you began or increased your use of alcohol/drugs, and how you become concerned that it might be a problem for you”), chart review, self-reported questionnaire, and semi-structured interview Self-reported questionnaire (N.D. if self-administered or interviewer administered) and interviewer administered semi-structured questionnaire.
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Prevalence of patients admitted to a substance use treatment facility that have a history of WLS History of problematic alcohol use/alcohol use disorder Post-surgical problematic alcohol use/alcohol use disorder Pre-surgical substance use disorder Post-surgical substance use disorder
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| Cuellar-Barboza et al., 2014 |
Medical record review Retrospective review of electronic medical records
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a. Review of 823 electronic medical records (EMR) b. Data extracted from EMRs of patients treated at the Mayo Clinic Addiction Treatment Program, between June 2004 and July 2012 c. Patients aged 30-60 with a primary treatment diagnosis of AUD, and had the RYGB procedure c. N/A d. N/A E. N/A f. 100 %RYGB g. Mean age of admission=46 (1.3) h. 89.6% female i. 92.7% white
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Clinical interview
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Prevalence of patients admitted to a substance use treatment facility that have a history of WLS History of problematic alcohol use/alcohol use disorder Post-surgical problematic alcohol use/alcohol use disorder
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| Ostlund et al., 2013 |
Medical record review Review of all patients in Sweden who had bariatric surgery procedure from January 1, 1980 to December 31, 2006 via the Swedish Patient Registrar
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n= 11,115 Review of the nationwide dataset, the Swedish Patient Registrar, from January 1, 1980 to December 31, 2006 for all patients who had bariatric surgery. Bariatric surgery patients Patients who had more than 1 bariatric procedure N/A 37% RYGB; 63% AGB & VBG RYGB cohort = 40.2 (10.1) AGB&VBG cohort =40.0 (10.4) RYGB cohort, female = 75%; AGB &VBG cohort, female =78% N.D. (study conducted in Sweden)
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Clinical diagnosis for substance abuse or alcohol abuse (no other information given) Chart Review of substance abuse and alcohol abuse diagnoses as documented in the Swedish Patient Register
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Prevalence of patients admitted to a substance use treatment facility that have a history of WLS
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| Omalu et al., 2007 |
Retrospective record review Chart review of Pennsylvania State health care database and death records to examine death rate and causes of death for all Pennsylvania residents who had bariatric surgery from 1995-2005
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n=16,683 total surgeries; 440 deaths investigation of death rates and causes of death for all Pennsylvania residents who had bariatric surgery from 1995-2005 N/A N/A N/A N.D. 48=Mean age at time of surgery 82.3% female (n=13,734) 81% white (n=13,504)
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Review of death records Chart review of death records obtained from the Division of Vital Records, Pennsylvania State Department of Health investigating drug overdose as cause of death
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Post-surgical illicit drug use
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| Reslan, Saules, Greenwald, & Schuh, 2014 |
Cross-sectional; retrospective One time
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n=141 Participants who previously participated in prior bariatric research or bariatric support groups were recruited. RYGB patients, at least 24 months post-operative; not currently pregnant N.D. N/A 100% RYGB mean age =53 (SD=10.33) 79% female (n=112) 93% white (=130)
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Michigan assessment-screening test for alcohol and drugs (MAST/AD) and the Alcohol, Smoking and Substance Involvement Screening Test(ASSIST) Self-reported; web-based survey or mailed survey
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Pre-surgical history of substance use disorders (alcohol and illicit drug use not distinguished). Post-surgical substance use disorders (alcohol and illicit drug use not distinguished).
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| Ivezaj, Saules, & Schuh, 2014 |
Cross-sectional; retrospective One time
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n=143 Participants recruited through St. Vincent Caramel Hospital's Bariatric Center of Excellence and through an online support group Post-surgical RYGB patients N.D. N/A 100% RYGB mean age= 48.97(SD=10.5) 83.9% female (n=120) 94.4% white (n=135)
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Michigan assessment-screening test for alcohol and drugs (MAST/AD) Self-reported; web-based survey
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Pre-surgical history of substance use disorders (alcohol and illicit drug use not distinguished). Post-surgical substance misuse (alcohol and illicit drug use not distinguished).
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| Fowler et al., 2014 |
Cross-sectional; retrospective One time
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n=154 N/A Secondary data analysis of a bariatric surgery patient database N/A N/A N/A 92.9% RYGB Mean age = 48.7 (SD=10.8) 88.4% female 94.2% white
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Michigan assessment-screening test for alcohol and drugs (MAST/AD) and Yale Food Addiction Scale (YFAS) N.D.
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Pre-surgical substance use disorders (alcohol and illicit drug use not distinguished) as related to pre-surgical endorsement of problematic intake of certain foods.
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| Fogger et al., 2012 |
Cross-sectional One-time; post-surgery
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Total = 173; bariatric surgery patients =25 Analysis of a sub-group of bariatric surgery patients among a study investigating the efficacy of a state-monitoring program for nurses with addictions i N/A 382 surveys mailed; 173 returned N/A N.D. N.D. Bariatric surgery subgroup: women=24 N.D.
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Three qualitative questions regarding bariatric surgery: (1) Have you ever had bariatric surgery, (2) Did your problem with substances begin after surgery? (3) If you had a substance problem prior to surgery did it change after bariatric surgery? Mailed survey
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Prevalence of nurses who underwent bariatric surgery participating in a state monitoring program for nurses with addiction
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