Table 1. Demographic and standard biochemical parameters among normal control, non-diabetes metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes mellitus subjects with and without metabolic syndrome.
| Non-diabetes n = 235 | Type 2 diabetes n = 314 | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Parameters | Normal Control n = 164(29.9%) | MetS n = 71(12.9%) | P-Value | Without MetS n = 57(10.4%) | P-Value | With MetS n = 257(46.8%) | P-Value |
| Gender % (Male/Female) | 39.0/61.0 | 59.2/40.8 | 56.1/43.9 | 44.4/55.6 | |||
| Race (Malay %) | 52.4 | 43.6 | 36.8 | 51.4 | |||
| Race (Chinese %) | 31.7 | 28.2 | 26.3 | 14.8 | |||
| Race (Indian %) | 15.9 | 28.2 | 36.9 | 33.8 | |||
| Age (years) | 48.3(12.30) | 50.9(9.12) | a 0.443 | 50.0(8.91) | a , b 0.999 | 50.7(7.59) | a 0.123, b , c 0.999 |
| Weight (kg) | 60.5(13.80) | 74.0(13.80) | a 1.3×10 −10 | 62.6(13.49) | a 0.999, b 4.3×10 −5 | 72.1(15.14) | a 1.3×10 −15, b 0.999, c 2.5×10 −5 |
| Height (m) | 1.61(0.09) | 1.64(0.09) | a 0.426 | 1.60(0.10) | a 0.999, b 0.273 | 1.58(0.10) | a 0.005, b 7.6×10 −5, c 0.660 |
| Body Mass Index (kg/m 2 ) | 23.3(4.27) | 27.6(4.68) | a 3.2×10 −10 | 24.3(4.68) | a 0.765, b 3.8×10 −4 | 28.9(5.25) | a 3.8×10 −29, b 0.344, c 4.5×10 −10 |
| Waist Circumference (cm) | 81.5(12.3) | 94.9(10.72) | a 1.01×10 −14 | 86.0(12.30) | a 0.047, b 1.5x10 -4 | 96.6(11.48) | a 2.3×10 −33, b 0.999, c 1.1×10 −8 |
| Systolic Blood Pressure (mmHg) | 130(19.50) | 143(15.14) | a 1.3×10 −5 | 120(16.60) | a 0.001, b 4.02×10 −11 | 138(18.62) | a 1.7×10 −4, b 0.315, c 2.1×10 −10 |
| Diastolic Blood Pressure (mmHg) | 81(9.77) | 86(8.91) | a 3.5×10 −4 | 76(8.71) | a 0.012, b 3.4×10 −8 | 83(10.23) | a 0.052, b 0.118, c 3.4×10 −6 |
| Fasting Plasma Glucose (mmol/L) | 5.01(0.45) | 5.55(0.68) | a 0.083 | 8.09(4.27) | a 1.8×10 −23, b 8.8×10 −12 | 7.79(3.55) | a 1.4×10 −42, b 3.5×10 −16, c 0.999 |
| Glycosylated A1c (%) | 5.58(0.44) | 6.00(0.50) | a 0.171 | 7.91(2.75) | a 2.7×10 −23, b 4.2×10 −12 | 8.18(2.04) | a 1.9×10 −48, b 1.2×10 −22, c 0.999 |
| Insulin (pmol/L) | 48.8 (38.0) | 83.1(51.29) | a 1.8×10 −8 | 60.8(57.86) | a 0.133 , b 0.029 | 114(85.11) | a 5.4×10 −36, b 0.001, c 7.7×10 −11 |
| HOMA-β (%) | 98(40.74) | 116(47.86) | a 0.518 | 48(47.54) | a 1.99×10 −10, b 1.01×10 −11 | 81(78.72) | a 0.023, b 4.7×10 −4, c 2.4×10 −6 |
| HOMA-IR | 1.04(0.79) | 1.81(1.10) | a 1.09×10 −8 | 1.60(1.58) | a 9.4×10 −5, b 0.999 | 2.88(2.57) | a 1.5×10 −46, b 5.6×10 −7, c 3.3×10 −9 |
| Total-Cholesterol (mmol/L) | 5.16(1.05) | 5.04(1.00) | a 0.999 | 4.61(1.15) | a 0.004, b 0.111 | 4.75(1.15) | a , 0.001, b 0.250, c 0.999 |
| High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (mmol/L) | 1.50(0.36) | 1.18(0.26) | a 1.2×10 −12 | 1.36(0.26) | a 0.025, b 0.003 | 1.11(0.27) | a 3.4×10 −34, b 0.335, c 1.5×10 −8 |
| Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (mmol/L) | 4.19(1.00) | 3.37(0.89) | a 0.300 | 2.73(1.12) | a 0.002, b 0.777 | 2.75(0.98) | a 3.4×10 −07, b 0.324, c 0.999 |
| Triglycerides (mmol/L) | 1.04(0.58) | 1.72(0.71) | a 7.8×10 −12 | 0.96(0.34) | a 0.999, b 2.5×10 −10 | 1.75(1.45) | a 2.1×10 −23, b 0.999, c 1.9×10 −15 |
The results presented represent geometric means (SD)
a vs normal control group
b vs non-diabetes MetS group
c vs type 2 diabetes mellitus without metabolic syndrome evaluated using ANOVA.