A and C: mean ±se licks, with water licks subtracted (Lick Score), as a function of of sucrose concentration in randomized blocks of 10 s trials after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery (RYGB) or sham operation (SHAM). B and D: the mean+se number of trials initiated in the 30 min session. Animals were tested in a fasted (A and B) or nondeprived state (C and D). Reprinted from Mathes CM, Bueter M, Smith KR, Lutz TA, le Roux CW, Spector AC. (2012). Roux-en-Y gastric bypass in rats increases sucrose taste-related motivated behavior independent of pharmacological GLP-1-receptor modulation. American Journal of Physiology: Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 302: R751–R767 with permission.