Fig. 3.

Intracellular pathways modulated by different glutamatergic receptors that drive independent calcium channel types. As discussed above, a wealth of information is available to suggest that NMDA promotes waking in the PPN and that this effect is mediated by CaMKII, and that kainic acid promotes REM sleep and that this effect is mediated by cAMP/PKA. Both of these pathways interact with the release of calcium from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) induced by inositol phosphate 3 (IP3) release from the membrane and binding to the IP3 receptor. In addition, P/Q-type channels are modulated by CaMKII while N-type channels are modulated by cAMP/PKA. This points to a selective participation of P/Q-type channels in generating gamma band activity during waking, and N-type channels generating gamma band activity during REM sleep.