Table 2.
Echocardiographic measurements
| Overall cohort |
Subgroup analysis |
|||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Normal range | Survived without ECMO | Death/ECMO | P | Measurement reliability | Survived without ECMO | Death/ECMO | P | |
| N 61 | N 25 | N 86 | N 66 | N 20 | ||||
| RV pressure measures | ||||||||
| TRJV (m/s) | <2.5 | 3.53 (2.20 to 4.56) | 3.73 (2.60 to 5) | 0.40 | 64 (74) | 3.52 (2.2 to 4.56) | 3.77 (2.6 to 5) | 0.19 |
| PDA direction | 78 (91) | |||||||
| Left to right | 8 (13) | 0 (0) | 0.10* | 8 (13) | 0 (0) | 0.19* | ||
| Bidirectional (predominantly left to right) | 26 (40) | 8 (32) | 29 (48) | 5 (28) | ||||
| Predominantly right to left | 21 (33) | 15 (60) | 0.05** | 23 (38) | 13 (72) | 0.02** | ||
| RV/LV ratio | N/A | 1.13 (0.55 to 1.93) | 1.2 (0.49 to 1.92) | 0.52 | 83 (97) | 1.1 (0.49 to 1.93) | 1.2 (0.59 to 1.92) | 0.44 |
| Systolic LVEI | N/A | 1.42 (1 to 2.20) | 1.40 (1.06 to 2.03) | 0.96 | 83 (97) | 1.4 (1 to 2.2) | 1.45 (1.06 to 2.03) | 0.47 |
| Diastolic LVEI | N/A | 1.21 (0.93 to 1.77) | 1.22 (0.93 to 1.55) | 0.99 | 83 (97) | 1.21 (0.93 to 1.77) | 1.23 (1 to 1.55) | 0.88 |
| RV functional measures | ||||||||
| FAC (%) | 0.33 (0.22 to 0.44) | 0.27 (0.05 to 0.56) | 0.19 (0.03 to 0.47) | 0.19 | 80 (93) | 0.27 (0.05 to 0.56) | 0.19 (0.03 to 0.47) | 0.12 |
| TAPSE (mm) | 9.2 (6.4 to 12) | 5.5 (1 to 14) | 3 (1 to 9.7) | 0.002 | 85 (99) | 5 (1 to 14) | 3 (1 to 8.4) | 0.0006 |
| GLPS (%) | >−18 | −11 (−19.7 to −3.2) | −8.8 (−15.7 to −3.1) | 0.03 | 79 (92) | −11 (−19.7 to −3.2) | −8.2 (−14.1 to −3.1) | 0.006 |
| FWLPS (%) | N/A | −12.4 (−27.4 to −2.1) | −13.4 (−27.4 to −2.1) | 0.55 | 79 (92) | −12.4 (29.1 to −2.1) | −13.4 (−23.1 to −3.1) | 0.29 |
| RV combined measure | ||||||||
| Systolic : diastolic ratio | 1.08 (0.56 to 1.6) | 1.31 (0.45 to 2.82) | 1.39 (0.68 to 2.4) | 0.62 | 84 (98) | 1.33 (0.45 to 2.82) | 1.39 (0.68 to 2.4) | 0.76 |
| LV functional measures | ||||||||
| FS (%) | 30–45 | 37 (18.5 to 66.2) | 35 (14.3 to 50) | 0.38 | 86 (100) | 36.6 (18.5 to 66.2) | 35.6 (14.3 to 50) | 0.81 |
| Systolic function | 86 (100) | |||||||
| Hyperdynamic/Normal | 47 (77) | 20 (80) | 1‡ | 52 (79) | 15 (75) | 0.76‡ | ||
| Mild-moderately decreased | 12 (20) | 1 (4) | 12 (18) | 1 (5) | ||||
| Severely decreased | 2 (3) | 4 (16) | 0.06‡‡ | 2 (3) | 4 (20) | 0.02‡‡ | ||
Continuous variables—median (min − max); categorical variables—n (%).
TAPSE, tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion; FAC, fractional area change; TRJV, tricuspid regurgitant jet peak velocity; PDA, patent ductus arteriosus; GLPS, right ventricular global longitudinal peak strain; FWLPS, free wall longitudinal peak strain; RV/LV ratio, left ventricular/right ventricular ratio; LVEI, left ventricular eccentricity index; FS, fractional shortening; N/A, not applicable (not validated in this population).
*Left to right vs. the other two categories (right to left and bidirectional predominantly left to right) combined.
**Right to left vs. the other two categories combined.
‡Hyperdynamic/normal vs. the other two categories combined.
‡‡Severely decreased vs. the other two categories combined.