Table 3.
Ratio of Geometric Means of Indoor Air Secondhand Smoke Constituents by Venue Characteristics in Waterpipe Tobacco Venues in Istanbul, Moscow, and Cairo in 2013-2014, Adjusted by City
|
Geometric Mean Ratio (95% Confidence Interval) of SHS Constituents, Adjusted by City |
||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | PM2.5 (μg/m3) | N | CO (ppm) | N | p-PAHs (ng/m3) | N | NNK (ng/m3) | N | Nicotine (μg/m3) | |
| Ventilation system | ||||||||||
| No | 15 | 1.00 (Ref) | 9 | 1.00 (Ref) | 16 | 1.00 (Ref) | 21 | 1.00 (Ref) | 22 | 1.00 (Ref) |
| Yes | 20 | 0.39 (0.15, 1.06) | 14 | 0.80 (0.22, 2.89) | 15 | 5.62 (0.86, 36.79) | 22 | 0.90 (0.34, 2.38) | 24 | 1.70 (0.23, 12.70) |
| Air conditioning | ||||||||||
| No | 17 | 1.00 (Ref) | 12 | 1.00 (Ref) | 20 | 1.00 (Ref) | 25 | 1.00 (Ref) | 26 | 1.00 (Ref) |
| Yes | 18 | 0.67 (0.23, 1.98) | 11 | 0.93 (0.22, 3.96) | 11 | 0.72 (0.15, 3.47) | 18 | 0.63 (0.19, 2.13) | 20 | 5.28 (0.48, 57.77) |
| Outdoor area | ||||||||||
| No | 17 | 1.00 (Ref) | 9 | 1.00 (Ref) | 11 | 1.00 (Ref) | 17 | 1.00 (Ref) | 18 | 1.00 (Ref) |
| Yes | 18 | 0.64 (0.28, 1.46) | 14 | 0.75 (0.14, 4.10) | 20 | 0.41 (0.06, 2.93) | 26 | 1.49 (0.60, 3.70) | 28 | 2.65 (0.37, 18.86) |
| See or smell food or cooking? | ||||||||||
| No | 15 | 1.00 (Ref) | 10 | 1.00 (Ref) | 20 | 1.00 (Ref) | 22 | 1.00 (Ref) | 24 | 1.00 (Ref) |
| Yes | 17 | 4.53 (1.32, 15.59)* | 11 | 2.11 (0.26, 17.38) | 10 | 2.66 (0.12, 58.80) | 18 | 0.72 (0.09, 5.53) | 19 | 0.16 (0.01, 3.14) |
| Number of waterpipe smokers | ||||||||||
| Tertile 1 (0-2.5) | 12 | 1.00 (Ref) | 10 | 1.00 (Ref) | 9 | 1.00 (Ref) | 13 | 1.00 (Ref) | 14 | 1.00 (Ref) |
| Tertile 2 (3-5.5) | 12 | 1.18 (0.38, 3.67) | 6 | 1.42 (0.28, 7.32) | 10 | 1.02 (0.07, 14.2) | 13 | 1.04 (0.27, 4.10) | 14 | 0.43 (0.03, 5.24) |
| Tertile 3 (6-25.5) | 6 | 1.63 (0.45, 5.84) | 5 | 5.07 (0.67, 38.69) | 10 | 2.96 (0.21, 40.99) | 12 | 1.10 (0.27, 4.50) | 13 | 1.28 (0.09, 17.86) |
| Number of waterpipes | ||||||||||
| Tertile 1 (0-1.5) | 13 | 1.00 (Ref) | 10 | 1.00 (Ref) | 8 | 1.00 (Ref) | 13 | 1.00 (Ref) | 15 | 1.00 (Ref) |
| Tertile 2 (2-3) | 9 | 2.61 (0.58, 11.82) | 6 | 1.15 (0.11, 12.21) | 11 | 1.21 (0.06, 26.22) | 13 | 0.79 (0.14, 4.33) | 13 | 0.44 (0.02, 10.89) |
| Tertile 3 (3.5-47.5) | 8 | 3.57 (0.62, 20.69) | 5 | 1.52 (0.11, 21.69) | 10 | 2.72 (0.12, 63.19) | 12 | 0.68 (0.10, 4.05) | 13 | 0.31 (0.01, 10.40) |
| Waterpipe smoker density (smokers/m3) | ||||||||||
| Tertile 1 (0-0.7) | 12 | 1.00 (Ref) | 10 | 1.00 (Ref) | 10 | 1.00 (Ref) | 13 | 1.00 (Ref) | 14 | 1.00 (Ref) |
| Tertile 2 (0.7-2.4) | 7 | 0.74 (0.26, 2.16) | 7 | 2.39 (0.63, 9.02) | 7 | 0.22 (0.04, 1.22) | 12 | 0.80 (0.29, 2.21) | 13 | 0.24 (0.03, 1.93) |
| Tertile 3 (2.4-18.6) | 10 | 0.82 (0.17, 3.88) | 4 | 0.85 (0.15, 4.92) | 11 | 0.77 (0.14, 4.13) | 12 | 0.49 (0.14, 1.66) | 13 | 0.28 (0.02, 3.26) |
| Number of cigarette smokers | ||||||||||
| Tertile 1 (0-3.5) | 16 | 1.00 (Ref) | 10 | 1.00 (Ref) | 14 | 1.00 (Ref) | 17 | 1.00 (Ref) | 19 | 1.00 (Ref) |
| Tertile 2 (4.5-5.5) | 19 | 1.82 (0.79, 4.18) | 4 | 1.60 (0.32, 7.94) | 10 | 0.49 (0.15, 1.60) | 12 | 0.65 (0.26, 1.63) | 12 | 0.88 (0.12, 6.60) |
| Tertile 3 (6-13.5) | 7 | 2.48 (1.00, 6.11) | 6 | 1.46 (0.34, 6.25) | 6 | 2.63 (0.61, 11.24) | 11 | 0.95 (0.36, 2.48) | 12 | 0.68 (0.09, 5.28) |
| Cigarette smoker density (smokers/m3) | ||||||||||
| Tertile 1 (0-0.7) | 11 | 1.00 (Ref) | 8 | 1.00 (Ref) | 10 | 1.00 (Ref) | 13 | 1.00 (Ref) | 14 | 1.00 (Ref) |
| Tertile 2 (1.0-2.7) | 10 | 1.07 (0.42, 2.69) | 7 | 0.38 (0.10, 1.38) | 8 | 0.50 (0.12, 2.20) | 13 | 0.59 (0.24, 1.45) | 14 | 0.89 (0.12, 6.43) |
| Tertile 3 (2.9-21.8) | 10 | 2.40 (0.57, 10.22) | 5 | 1.01 (0.24, 4.26) | 11 | 2.54 (0.44, 14.77) | 13 | 0.46 (0.15, 1.42) | 14 | 1.61 (0.15, 16.93) |
| Number of total smokers | ||||||||||
| Tertile 1 (0-6) | 13 | 1.00 (Ref) | 9 | 1.00 (Ref) | 10 | 1.00 (Ref) | 14 | 1.00 (Ref) | 15 | 1.00 (Ref) |
| Tertile 2 (6.5-10.5) | 12 | 1.85 (0.76, 4.54) | 8 | 0.86 (0.20, 3.70) | 11 | 1.17 (0.18, 7.72) | 14 | 1.50 (0.49, 4.61) | 15 | 0.65 (0.07, 6.16) |
| Tertile 3 (11-31.5) | 8 | 2.81 (0.93, 8.47) | 4 | 3.29 (0.47, 23.19) | 10 | 3.08 (0.40, 23.67) | 13 | 1.12 (0.32, 4.00) | 14 | 0.99 (0.08, 12.67) |
| Total smoker density (smokers/m3) | ||||||||||
| Tertile 1 (0-1.44) | 13 | 1.00 (Ref) | 9 | 1.00 (Ref) | 12 | 1.00 (Ref) | 15 | 1.00 (Ref) | 14 | 1.00 (Ref) |
| Tertile 2 (1.57-4.95) | 9 | 0.86 (0.34, 2.18) | 7 | 1.89 (0.50, 7.19) | 6 | 0.28 (0.06, 1.25) | 14 | 1.01 (0.40, 2.54) | 13 | 0.38 (0.05, 2.65) |
| Tertile 3 (5.35-40.4) | 10 | 1.26 (0.12, 12.98) | 5 | 0.55 (0.10, 3.11) | 12 | 1.90 (0.34, 10.59) | 14 | 0.49 (0.13, 1.88) | 13 | 0.59 (0.04, 8.31) |
N, number of venues; SHS, Secondhand smoke; PM2.5, Particulate matter with an aerodynamic size of 2.5 micrometers or less; CO, Carbon monoxide; p-PAHs, Particle-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons; NNK, 4-(methylnitrosamino) -1-(3 -pyridyl)-1-butanone.
Statistically significant associations indicated by an asterisk (*).