Figure 3.

CSE increases the intracellular Ca²⁺ level via TRPA1-mediated ion influx in HBECs. Intracellular Ca²⁺ levels were measured by Fluo-8 fluorescent probe assay. (a) Cells were exposed to medium alone or 3% CSE for 1, 2, 5, 10, 30, and 60 min. (b) Cells were exposed to medium alone or 3% CSE for 2 min and pretreated with EGTA (an extracellular Ca²⁺ chelator; 500 μM), HC-030031 (HC, a TRPA1 antagonist; 9 μM), or N-acetyl-cysteine (NAC, a ROS scavenger; 1 mM). Data in each group are mean ± SEM from five independent experiments. ^∗ p < 0.05 versus the control or time zero; ^# p < 0.05 versus CSE alone.