Table 1.
Selected baseline (Visit 1) study participant characteristics by sex and race/ethnicity for HANDLS participants with complete and reliable baseline MMSE scores (n=2,630) a
| All | Men | Women | Whites | African-Americans | P b | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
|
|||||||
| 45.4±1.7 | 54.5±1.7 | 36.2±1.5 | 63.8±1.5 | ||||
| N=2,630 | N=1,142 | N=1,488 | N=1,118 | N=1,512 | Men vs. women |
Whites vs. African- Americans |
|
| Age at baseline | 47.0±0.3 | 47.2±0.4 | 46.9±0.4 | 46.7±0.4 | 47.2±0.4 | 0.63 | 0.41 |
| (N=2,630) | (N=1,142) | (N=1,487) | (N=1,118) | (N=1,512) | |||
|
| |||||||
| Married, % | 35.0±1.7 | 38.9±2.5 | 31.8±2.2 | 44.9±2.3 | 29.6±2.2 | 0.03 | <0.001 |
| (N=2,447) | (N=1,061) | (N=1,386) | (N=1,018) | (N=1,429) | |||
|
| |||||||
| Education, % | |||||||
| <HS | 4.3±0.6 | 4.5±0.8 | 4.1±0.7 | 5.5±0.9 | 3.7±0.7 | 0.70 | <0.001 |
| HS | 52.8±1.7 | 54.0±2.4 | 51.7±2.3 | 40.2±2.0 | 59.9±2.4 | ||
| >HS | 38.5±1.7 | 36.6±2.4 | 40.1±2.3 | 46.6±2.1 | 33.9±2.3 | ||
| Missing | 4.4±0.8 | 4.9±1.3 | 4.1±1.0 | 7.7±1.0 | 2.6±1.1 | ||
| (N=2,630) | (N=1,142) | (N=1,488) | (N=1,118) | (N=1,512) | |||
|
| |||||||
| Literacy (WRAT score) | 43.2±0.3 | 43.0±0.4 | 43.3±0.3 | 46.7±0.3 | 41.2±0.3 | 0.48 | <0.001 |
| (N=2,616) | (N=1,136) | (N=1,480) | (N=1,114) | (N=1,502) | |||
|
| |||||||
| PIR <125%, % | 19.6±1.0 | 16.4±1.0 | 22.2±1.5 | 12.3±0.8 | 23.7±1.5 | 0.003 | <0.001 |
| (N=2,630) | (N=1,142) | (N=1,488) | (N=1,118) | (N=1,512) | |||
|
| |||||||
| Current smoking status, % | |||||||
| Currently smoking | 43.7±1.7 | 49.7±2.4 | 38.7±2.3 | 36.0±2.0 | 46.3±2.3 | 0.007 | <0.001 |
| Missing | 4.9±1.7 | 3.7±1.0 | 6.0±1.3 | 3.6±0.7 | 5.7±1.2 | ||
| (N=2,630) | (N=1,142) | (N=1,488) | (N=1,118) | (N=1,512) | |||
|
| |||||||
| Current use of illicit drugs, % | |||||||
| Used any type | 61.8±1.6 | 72.3±2.0 | 53.0±2.3 | 55.5±2.1 | 65.3±2.2 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Missing | 7.8±0.8 | 6.6±1.0 | 8.7±2.3 | 11.0±1.3 | 6.0±1.0 | ||
| (N=2,630) | (N=1,142) | (N=1,488) | (N=1,117) | (N=1,511) | |||
|
| |||||||
| Body mass index, kg.m−2 | 29.7±0.3 | 28.1±0.3 | 31.1±0.4 | 29.2±0.3 | 30.0±0.4 | <0.001 | 0.10 |
| (N=2,630) | (N=1,142) | (N=1,488) | (N=1,118) | (N=1,512) | |||
|
| |||||||
| HEI-2010 total score | 43.8±0.4 | 43.0±0.5 | 44.4±0.6 | 45.1±0.6 | 43.0±0.5 | 0.07 | 0.008 |
| (N=2,045) | (N=875) | (N=1,170) | (N=865) | (N=1,180) | |||
|
| |||||||
| Depressive symptoms | |||||||
| CES-D score | 10.5±0.3 | 9.6±0.3 | 11.2±0.4 | 9.9±0.4 | 10.7±0.4 | <0.001 | 0.96 |
| CES-D score ≥16 (EDS), % | 22.1±1.5 | 17.8±2.1 | 25.6±2.2 | 23.5±2.1 | 21.5±2.0 | 0.010 | 0.48 |
| (N=2,077) | (N=892) | (N=1,187) | (N=823) | (N=1,255) | |||
|
| |||||||
| Anti-depressant use, % | 12.3±0.1 | 8.1±0.1 | 15.7±0.2 | 18.2±0.2 | 9.1±0.1 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| (N=2,399) | (N=1,045) | (N=1,354) | (N=1,015) | (N=1,384) | |||
|
| |||||||
| Thyroid hormones, within reference range c | |||||||
| TSH, mU/L | 1.73±0.03 | 1.68±0.04 | 1.78±0.05 | 1.90±0.04 | 1.63±0.05 | 0.12 | <0.001 |
| (N=2,296) | (N=1,018) | (N=1,278) | (N=986) | (N=1,310) | |||
| Free T4, μg/dL | 1.13±0.01 | 1.14±0.01 | 1.12±0.01 | 1.14±0.01 | 1.12±0.01 | 0.038 | 0.07 |
| (N=2,381) | (N=1,030) | (N=1,351) | (N=1,048) | (N=1,333) | |||
| Total T4, ng/dL | 7.53±0.04 | 7.51±0.07 | 7.55±0.05 | 7.57±0.05 | 7.51±0.06 | 0.63 | 0.52 |
| (N=2,232) | (N=963) | (N=1,269) | (N=995) | (N=1,237) | |||
| T3, %uptake | 30.50±0.10 | 30.94±0.16 | 30.13±0.13 | 30.52±0.12 | 30.48±0.15 | <0.001 | 0.85 |
| (N=2,310) | (N=984) | (N=1,326) | (N=1,042) | (N=1,268) | |||
|
| |||||||
|
Thyroid hormones, above or below reference
range |
|||||||
|
| |||||||
| TSH, mU/L | |||||||
| <0.4 | 3.0±0.5 | 2.7±0.7 | 3.3±0.7 | 1.2±0.4 | 4.2±0.8 | 0.013 | <0.001 |
| > 4.5 | 3.4±0.4 | 1.9±0.4 | 4.6±0.7 | 5.9±0.8 | 1.8±0.4 | ||
| (N=2,497) | (N=1,079) | (N=1,418) | (N=1,089) | (N=1,408) | |||
| Free T4, μg/dL | |||||||
| <0.8 | 4.6±0.6 | 5.5±1.2 | 3.9±0.7 | 5.0±0.9 | 4.4±0.9 | 0.12 | 0.78 |
| >1.8 | 0.3±0.1 | 0.0±0.0 | 0.4±0.1 | 0.2±0.1 | 0.3±0.1 | ||
| (N=2,502) | (N=1,082) | (N=1,420) | (N=1,089) | (N=1,413) | |||
| Total T4, ng/dL | |||||||
| <4.8 | 3.3±0.6 | 4.2±1.1 | 2.5±0.7 | 3.7±0.9 | 3.0±0.8 | 0.042 | 0.002 |
| >10.4 | 8.7±1.1 | 6.2±1.2 | 10.8±1.8 | 4.6±0.9 | 11.2±1.7 | ||
| (N=2,504) | (N=1,082) | (N=1,422) | (N=1,089) | (N=1,415) | |||
| T3, %uptake | |||||||
| <24% | 5.6±0.8 | 5.2±1.0 | 6.0±1.3 | 3.3±1.0 | 7.1±1.3 | 0.09 | 0.026 |
| > 37% | 1.7±0.4 | 2.6±0.7 | 0.9±0.3 | 1.7±0.7 | 1.7±0.4 | ||
| (N=2,504) | (N=1,082) | (N=1,422) | (N=1,089) | (N=1,415) | |||
| Thyroid function categories | |||||||
|
| |||||||
| Normal | 89.8±0.9 | 90.7±1.4 | 89.0±1.2 | 89.1±1.2 | 90.2±1.2 | 0.017 | <0.001 |
| Overt hypothyroidism | 0.7±0.2 | 0.5±0.2 | 0.8±0.2 | 1.1±0.3 | 0.5±0.2 | ||
| Overt thyrotoxicosis | 0.0±0.0 | 0.0±0.0 | 0.0±0.0 | 0.0±0.0 | 0.1±0.1 | ||
| Sub-clinical hypothyroidism | 2.7±0.4 | 1.4±0.3 | 3.8±0.7 | 4.9±0.8 | 1.4±0.4 | ||
| Sub-clinical thyrotoxicosis | 2.8±0.5 | 2.5±0.7 | 3.2±0.7 | 1.1±0.4 | 3.9±0.8 | ||
| Other thyroid dysfunction | 3.9±0.6 | 4.9±1.1 | 3.1±0.6 | 3.9±0.9 | 4.0±0.8 | ||
| (N=2,497) | (N=1,079) | (N=1,418) | (N=1,089) | (N=1,408) | |||
Abbreviation: BVRT=Benton Visual Retention Test; CES-D=Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression; CVLT=California Verbal Learning Test; EDS=Elevated Depressive Symptoms; MMSE=Mini-Mental State Examination; PIR=poverty income ratio; T3=triiodothyronine; T4=thyroxine; TSH=Thyroid stimulating hormone; WRAT=Wide Range Achievement Test.
a
Values are weighted mean±SEM or percent±SEP.
b
P-value was based on linear regression models when row variable is continuous (svy:reg) and design-based F-test when row variable is categorical (svy:tab).
c
TSH, free T4 (fT4) and total T4 (tT4) values outside the reference range were excluded in this analysis (See methods section for reference ranges).