Table 2.
Comparison regarding sociodemographic characteristics from comparison and case groups.
| Comparison (n = 24) | Case (n = 60) | p value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Sociodemographic characteristics | |||
| Age (years) (mean ± SD) | 56.7 ± 11.6 | 62.7 ± 14.2 | 0.0492 a |
| Sex (female), n (%) | 19 (79.2) | 39 (65.0) | 0.2045b |
| Smoking, n (%) | 3 (12.5) | 8 (13.3) | 0.6645c |
| Alcoholism, n (%) | 3 (12.5) | 9 (15.0) | 0.7307c |
| Use of sunscreen, n (%) | 6 (25.0) | 41 (68.3) | 0.0003 b |
| Mean daily sunlight exposure (min) (mean ± SD) | 35.0 ± 28.9 | 180.5 ± 123.7 | <0.0001 a |
| Family history of cancer, n (%) | 4 (16.7) | 42 (70.0) | <0.0001 b |
| Race, n (%) | 0.1377b | ||
| Caucasian | 8 (33.3) | 11 (18.3) | |
| Non-Caucasian | 16 (66.7) | 49 (81.7) | |
| Anthropometric parameters (mean ± SD) | |||
| BMI (kg/m2) | 27.3 ± 3.5 | 26.5 ± 3.7 | 0.2710a |
| TSF (mm) | 20.2 ± 6.8 | 18.3 ± 7.8 | 0.1750a |
| MUAC (cm) | 30.9 ± 3.1 | 30.1 ± 4.5 | 0.1910a |
| MAMC (cm) | 24.6 ± 3.0 | 24.5 ± 4.0 | 0.7100a |
| Daily intake levels (mean ± SD) | |||
| Vitamin A (μg) | 380.9 ± 197.1 | 558.0 ± 570.0 | 0.0015 a |
| Vitamin C (mg) | 162.4 ± 419.3 | 57.9 ± 50.6 | 0.2223a |
| Vitamin E (mg) | 6.1 ± 14.2 | 9.6 ± 7.0 | 0.0018 a |
| Cuprum (μg) | 1040.0 ± 1009.0 | 800.0 ± 400.0 | 0.0331 a |
| Zinc (μg) | 10.1 ± 12.6 | 6.5 ± 3.6 | 0.0317 a |
| Selenium (μg) | 52.2 ± 44.5 | 76.2 ± 38.8 | 0.0285 a |
N = total of subjects/patients, SD = standard deviation, BMI = body mass index, TSF = triceps skinfold, MUAC = mid-upper-arm circumference, and MAMC = mid-arm muscle circumference. Statistical analysis: aMann-Whitney test; bChi-square test; cFisher's exact test.