Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of Baby Smiles participants: Based on the entire sample and by prenatal and postpartum motivational interviewing and/or health education intervention groups.
| Characteristics a | All (N = 349) | Intervention Groups
|
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| MI-MI (n = 121) | HE-MI (n = 134) | MI-HE (n = 50) | HE-HE (n = 44) | ||
| Age (years) at enrollment | 24.2 ± 4.9 | 24.1 ± 4.8 | 24.3 ± 5.1 | 24.3 ± 5.1 | 24.3 ± 4.5 |
| Race (White) | 79.0 (275) | 78.5 (95) | 76.7 (102) | 82.0 (41) | 84.1 (37) |
| Ethnicity (Hispanic) | 8.9 (31) | 10.7 (13) | 8.3 (11) | 8.0 (4) | 6.8 (3) |
| Number of children | |||||
| 0 | 48.7 (170) | 47.1 (57) | 48.5 (65) | 50.0 (25) | 52.3 (23) |
| 1 | 32.7 (114) | 30.6 (37) | 35.1 (47) | 36.0 (18) | 27.3 (12) |
| ≥2 | 18.6 (65) | 22.3 (27) | 16.4 (22) | 14.0 (7) | 20.5 (9) |
| Education level (highest) | |||||
| High school diploma or less | 59.6 (208) | 59.5 (72) | 59.7 (80) | 76. 0 (38) | 40.9 (18) |
| Trade/vocational training, some college, 2-year degree | 37.5 (131) | 38. 0 (46) | 37.3 (50) | 22.0 (11) | 54.5 (24) |
| 4-year degree or higher | 2.9 (10) | 2.5 (3) | 3.0 (4) | 2.0 (1) | 4.5 (2) |
| Marital status | |||||
| Married or living with partner | 60.2 (210) | 55.4 (67) | 64.2 (86) | 54. 0 (27) | 68.2 (30) |
| Single/never married | 30.4 (106) | 29.8 (36) | 28.4 (38) | 42.0 (21) | 25. 0 (11) |
| Separated, divorced, or other | 9.5 (33) | 14.9 (18) | 7.5 (10) | 4.0 (2) | 6.8 (3) |
| Last dentist visit | |||||
| <6 months ago | 24.1 (84) | 23.1 (28) | 24.6 (33) | 32.0 (16) | 15.9 (7) |
| 6–12 months ago | 15.2 (53) | 14.9 (18) | 24.6 (33) | 12.0 (6) | 18.2 (8) |
| 1–2 years ago | 26.9 (94) | 28.9 (35) | 15.7 (21) | 14.0 (7) | 27.3 (12) |
| >2 years ago | 33.8 (118) | 33.1 (40) | 29.9 (40) | 42.0 (21) | 38.6 (17) |
| Reason for last dental visit | |||||
| Emergency | 22.5 (78) | 25.0 (30) | 15.7 (21) | 26.5 (13) | 32.6 (14) |
| Check-up and cleaning | 46.5 (161) | 48.3 (58) | 48.5 (65) | 42.9 (21) | 39.5 (17) |
| Scheduled treatment | 30.9 (107) | 26.7 (32) | 35.8 (48) | 30.6 (15) | 27.9 (12) |
| Study Measures b | |||||
| Maternal dental anxiety c (0–56) | 12.2 ± 5.1 | 12.6 ± 5.5 | 11.6 ± 4.6 | 13.2 ± 5.6 | 11.9 ± 5.1 |
| M-DAS score ≥19 | 14.3 (50) | 14.9 (18) | 9.7 (13) | 24.0 (12) | 15.9 (7) |
| Readiness to see dentist d (0–10) | 9.1 ± 1.3 | 9.0 ± 1.4 | 9.3 ± 1.1 | 8.9 ± 1.8 | 9.1 ± 1.3 |
| Precontemplative (0–1) | 0.0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
| Contemplative (2–7) | 8.3 (29) | 10.7 (13) | 5.2 (7) | 10.0 (5) | 9.1 (4) |
| Preparation (8–9) | 35.5 (124) | 35.5 (43) | 35.8 (48) | 36.0 (18) | 34.1 (15) |
| Action (10) | 56.2 (196) | 53.7 (65) | 59.0 (79) | 54.0 (27) | 56.8 (25) |
| Maternal OHIP-14 e (0–56) | 10.3 ± 10.4 | 10.7 ±11.1 | 10.0 ± 9.8 | 10.0 ± 9.7 | 10.3 ±11.1 |
| Maternal PSS f (0–40) | 14.4 ± 6.8 | 14.9 ± 7.6 | 14.4 ± 6.7 | 13.4 ± 5.8 | 14.4 ± 6.1 |
| Prenatal depression g (0–60) | 14.2 ± 8.9 | 14.1 ± 9.2 | 15.0 ± 8.7 | 11.9 ± 7.1 | 15.2 ± 9.9 |
| CES-D score ≥16 | 35.1 (120) | 30.3 (36) | 40.0 (52) | 28.0 (14) | 41.9 (52) |
Note. Baseline characteristics are summarized as Mean ± standard deviation, or the percentage and number of participants in the intervention groups, % (n).
Abbr. CES-D=Center for epidemiologic studies depression scale. HE=Health education. HE-HE=Prenatal and postpartum HE. HE-MI=Prenatal HE and postpartum MI. M-DAS=Maternal dental anxiety scale. MI=Motivational interviewing. MI-HE=Prenatal MI and postpartum HE. MI-MI=Prenatal and postpartum MI. PSS=Perceived stress scale. OHIP-14=Oral health impact profile-14, short form.
Variables with missing data: Race (n=1); Ethnicity (n=1); Reason for last dental visit (n=3); OHIP-14 (n=2); Perceived stress scale (n=3); and CES-D scale (n=7).
For select study measures, the range in total possible scores is provided in parentheses.
Maternal dental anxiety: assessed using M-DAS; higher scores indicate greater dental anxiety; ≥19 indicate the lower threshold for mild anxiety.
Readiness to see dentist: Scoring values correspond to different stages of readiness; higher score indicates a greater readiness to see dentist.
Maternal OHIP-14: higher scores indicate lower oral health quality of life.
Maternal PPS: higher scores indicate greater perceived stress.
Prenatal depression: assessed using CES-D; higher scores indicate greater depressive symptoms; ≥16 indicate the lower threshold for mild depression.